After generations of children experienced heartbreak at the discovery that there is Santa's not real, parents finally came up with a humane approach to this problem. Rather than simply admitting to their children that they'd been misleading them for years, some parents have opted for a different cover story wherein after declaring that an obese male in a red suit does not squeeze down their chimney to deliver gifts after all, parents readily admit that they themselves are "Santa" and that once a child knows this, they, too, must become Santas and find ways to give gifts to others. This allegedly reduces the amount of tears shed by children and leads to better outcomes with respect to generosity and Christmas spirit. A group of researchers conducted a study to determine whether this new Santa story actually yielded the reported effects. In a sample of 100 children, they randomly assigned the children to receive either the new "Everybody is Santa" story or the classic "Santa's not real. Too bad, so sad" story (santa_story). The researchers recorded which level of school the child was in (school_level), how many minutes they spent crying after hearing the news (crying), how generous the children were after finding out (generosity), and their levels of Christmas spirit (xmas_spirit). Finally, the researchers recorded how many acts of good behavior the child committed at three separate time points (behavior_check1 - 3).

Variables:

santa_story - (1=Santa's not real. Too bad, so sad, 2=Everybody is Santa)

school_level - (1=elementary, 2=junior high, 3=high school)

crying - how many minutes the child spent crying after hearing the Santa story

generosity - how generous the child was

xmas_spirit - how much Christmas spirit the child exhibited

behavior_check1-3 - number of incidents of good behavior at each behavior check

Analysis 2: Run an analysis to determine whether there is a linear relationship between the variables crying and generosity.

Question 4: What can be determined from this analysis?

a) The time spent crying was unrelated to generosity

b) More time spent crying was associated with higher levels of generosity

c) More time spent crying was associated with lower levels of generosity

d) There is a significant difference between crying and generosity

Question 5: The magnitude of the relationship between crying and generosity is described by which number?

a) .689

b) -.565

c) -.689

d) .001

Question 6: How would you describe the p value for this test?

a) p < .05

b) p > .05

c) p = 0

d) p = .689