Question: An instruction set architecture is to be implemented on Machine A that runs at a clock frequency of 1 GHz. The instructions in this new

An instruction set architecture is to be implemented on Machine A that runs at a clock frequency of 1 GHz. The instructions in this new set, their CPIs, and their frequencies of execution for 2 scientific programs, X and Y, are listed in the table below:

Instruction	CPI	Frequency
Instruction	CPI	Program X	Program Y
Load/Store	15	20%	35%
FP Add/Sub	12	38%	25%
FP Mul/Div	18	12%	15%
Integer Add/Sub	8	18%	15%
Jump/Branch	6	12%	10%

a) Assume that the programs X and Y contain a total of 10,000 and 12,000 dynamic instructions respectively. Determine the time that the execution of each program will take on machine A.

b) You are tasked with redesigning Machine A. You can optimize only one instruction type. Which instruction type would you choose for each program? Why?

c) The engineers of machine A are considering two modifications:

Replacing the integer ALU unit in A by one that is 3 times faster

Replacing the memory system in A by one that is 2 times faster

The first change reduces only the CPI of the INTEGER ADD / SUB instructions, while the second change reduces only the CPI of the LOAD / STORE instructions. Both changes have no effect on any of the other instructions. What is the effect of these individual changes on the execution time for program X and program Y?

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