Answer $1\mathrm{.}1)$ The six relatively distinct modes business use to manage ethics are as follows:

Ethical Subculture: This mode emphasizes the development of an ethical subculture within the organization, where ethical behavior is ingrained in the company's culture and values. Employees are encouraged to act ethically in all aspects of their work, and the company fosters an environment that promotes integrity, transparency, and accountability.

Ethical Leadership: This mode focuses on the importance of ethical leadership within the organization. Business leaders and managers serve as role models for ethical behavior and make ethical decision$-$making a priority. They establish a strong ethical framework and set of guidelines for the organization and encourage employees to adhere to these principles.

Ethical Policies and Procedures: This mode involves the development and implementation of ethical policies and procedures that guide employees in their decision$-$making and actions. These policies cover various aspects of business operations, such as honesty, fairness, confidentiality, and social responsibility. They provide a clear framework for ethical behavior and help employees navigate ethical dilemmas.

Ethical Decision$-$Making: This mode emphasizes the importance of ethical decision$-$making by individuals within the organization. It involves teaching employees how to make ethical decisions, providing them with ethical decision$-$making frameworks, and encouraging them to consider the impact of their decisions on all stakeholders. Ethical decision$-$making is integrated into the decision$-$making processes of the organization.

Ethical Supply Chain Management: This mode focuses on the ethical management of the supply chain, from sourcing raw materials to delivering products or services to customers. It involves ensuring that suppliers and partners adhere to ethical standards, promoting fair labor practices, reducing environmental impact, and ensuring the quality and safety of products.

Ethical Marketing and Public Relations: This mode involves ethical marketing and public relations practices that do not mislead or deceive consumers, promote fair competition, and avoid false advertising. Companies are expected to be transparent about their products, pricing, and business practices, and to communicate truthfully and responsibly to stakeholders. Answer $2\mathrm{.}1)$ To be virtuous means to possess and practice good virtues or moral qualities. Virtues are moral traits that enhance character and guide individuals in making morally right decisions. Being virtuous involves having qualities such as honesty, integrity, compassion, empathy, courage, and humility. It requires individuals to act in a morally upright manner, treat others with respect and fairness, and make ethical choices in their personal and professional lives. Being virtuous is an ongoing process of self$-$improvement and moral growth. It involves cultivating virtues such as self$-$control, kindness, and responsibility, and striving to live a morally upstanding life. Being virtuous is not just about avoiding vices or negative behaviors but also about actively engaging in positive and ethical actions. Overall, being virtuous is a fundamental aspect of moral development and personal growth. It involves cultivating positive character traits, making ethical decisions, and treating others with respect and fairness. Being virtuous helps individuals to build strong relationships, contribute positively to society, and live a meaningful and purposeful life. Answer $2\mathrm{.}2)$ Christopher Stone took a strong stance against Friedman's view on corporate social responsibility. Here are three main objections that Stone advances against Friedman's view: Objection $1$: Businesses have moral responsibilities beyond maximizing profits: Stone argues that businesses have moral responsibilities beyond maximizing profits. He believes that businesses should act in a way that promotes the well$-$being of all stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, and the environment. Stone argues that businesses should not be solely focused on maximizing profits at the expense of ethical and social considerations. Objection $2$: Businesses should consider the impact of their actions on society: Stone believes that businesses should consider the impact of their actions on society and the environment. He argues that businesses have a moral responsibility to minimize harm and maximize benefits for all stakeholders. This includes considering the long$-$term consequences of their actions, such as the environmental impact of their products or the impact on local communities. Objection $3$: Businesses should act in a way that promotes justice and fairness: Stone believes that businesses should act in a way that promotes justice and fairness. He argues that businesses should not engage in practices that exploit workers, harm the environment, or violate the rights of others. Stone believes that businesses have a moral responsibility to act ethically and to promote fairness and justice in all their operations. Answer $3\mathrm{.}1)$ The two principles that provide the basis for a stakeholder theory are the principle of accountability and the principle of responsibility. The principle of accountability requires businesses to be accountable to all stakeholders who have an interest in the company's actions and outcomes. This includes shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, communities, and the environment. Companies must provide information, transparency, and justification for their decisions and actions to all stakeholders. The principle of responsibility requires businesses to act in a way that promotes the interests of all stakeholders. This means that businesses must consider the impact of their actions on all stakeholders and take steps to minimize negative impacts and maximize positive outcomes. Companies must be responsible for the consequences of their actions and take steps to address any harm caused. Answer $3\mathrm{.}2)$ Here are three points of criticism raised against Mill's moral theory: Mill's theory is said to be too subjective: One criticism of Mill's theory is that it is too subjective and that moral principles should be objective and universally applicable. Critics argue that Mill's emphasis on individual preferences and subjective feelings undermines the possibility of objective moral principles. Mill's theory is said to be too relativistic: Another criticism of Mill's theory is that it is too relativistic, meaning that moral principles are relative to individual preferences and societal norms. Critics argue that this relativistic approach undermines the possibility of objective moral principles and values. Mill's theory is said to be too utilitarian: Mill's theory is also criticized for being too utilitarian, meaning that it focuses solely on maximizing overall happiness or pleasure. Critics argue that this approach disregards individual rights and can lead to unethical outcomes. Answer $4\mathrm{.}1)$ According to Friedman, corporations should not be regarded as moral agentsBusiness leaders and managers must choose how they wish to deal with ethical dimensions of the organizations. A mode can be described as the preferred manner of the organisation to manage its ethics. Explain the six relatively distinct modes business use to manage ethics.