Answer all questions. Each question carries $2$ marks.

Do as directed:

a$.$ Create a directory with the name FIRST in the root directory.

b$.$ Create a file in the FIRST directory with the name Hello.txt$.$ Write at least two lines of text in it$.$

c$.$ Copy Hello.txt to a new file named MyFile.txt$.$

d$.$ List the contents of the FIRST directory.

Run the following Data & Network Security commands and display their outputs:

a$.$ Command that helps to verify IP$-$level connectivity.

b$.$ Command that displays the kernel's routing table.

Perform the following basic nmap scans and display their outputs:

a$.-T$

b$.--L$

c$.-F$

d$.-$ open

Run the following commands and display their outputs:

a$.$ Netdiscover with $-$r$,-$s options.

b$.$ Nbtscan

Create a file in Kali Linux root directory with the name MyTest.txt$.$

a$.$ Generate a hash value for the above file.

b$.$ Make some changes to the text of the file.

c$.$ Generate the hash value again.