Answer the following questions. Each question carries an equal mark

Describe various issues or challenges for password-based user authentication. Also, explain the defiance mechanism for each of these challenges/attacks.

Explain the mechanism of hash-based password and how this mechanism can be attacked. Also, describe the means to resolve these attacks.

Compare different token-based user authentication mechanisms with their advantages and disadvantages.

Describe various types of malicious software (malware) attacks and suggest countermeasures to each of these malware attacks.

Explain the functioning of Host-Based Scanners and Signature-Based Anti-Virus software. Explain their advantages and limitations.