answer the question 7-14 about 500 words

CHAPTER 7 ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS 239 organization and planning of this project. This meant that the requirements for the system were clear and unambiguous, and thus grounded in clinical necessity versus political ambition. Importantly, an integral part of the programme involved the specification and implementation of a high-speed computer net work linking all parts of the NHS organization, which enabled the relatively straightforward implementation of the X-rays sharing application. As was noted by Campion-Awwad in 2014. "The computer accessible X-ray system was delivered smoothly on budget and on time. The X-ray system was a rare product of consultation with health professionals, and was also assisted by plans that preceded the NPIT. This system was added to the NPIT well after the original specifications were approved, following a meet- ing between NPFIT and health professionals." By 2007, the system had been successfully rolled out and de- livered to all parts of the NHS organization with full buy-in with respect of all stakeholders, with their requirements in respect of the system being fully met clinically as well as organizationally, In these respects, the X-ray sharing system was an exemplar for other projects and systems within the NPIT. development of the system meant that planning, scope and de- liverables among other crucial project parameters fell seriously short. Having many contactors develop the system for different parts of the NHS organization meant that, in-theory, if any one contractor failed to deliver at any point in the programme, they could be substituted with another. However, in hindsight, this multi-sourcing approach proved to be near impossible to operate effectively, moving too far away from the tried-and-tested 'one customer, one service provider' model of delivery Any one of these factors may have been recoverable if identified in reasonable time during the original project sched- ule. Unfortunately, this wasn't the case and when taken to- gether, the seeds of the programme's failure were sown at an early stage. QUESTIONS 7-11. Summarize the purpose and intended benefits of a healthcare exchange. 7-12. Explain why a healthcare exchange requires an interor- ganizational information system. 7-13. Summarize the purpose and intended benefits of the NHS Programme for IT patient record system. 7-14. Explain why the NHS Programme for IT patient record system requires an interorganizational information system. 7-15. Using knowledge gained from this chapter, summarize the difficulties and challenges of developing interorga- nizational information systems, making references to how ERP, CRM and EAI systems may offer solutions to minimize these. Electronic Patient Record System The Electronic Patient Record System, on the other hand, was still far from completion by 2011 when the NAO reported on its progress in that year, some four years after the implementation of the X-rays sharing system. According to estimates given then, the work would have required a substantial further investment and would not have been complete until 2015-2016. Even after reducing the functional specification so as to bring forward the delivery of the system at reduced cost to the NHS organization, it became evident that timescales and cost savings would have been largely unaffected. By the time of the report, the Department of Health, and ultimately the government decided to dismantle and effectively cancel the programme in its NPEIT form. Since the cancellation of the project, a forensic examina- tion of the causes of the budget and time over-runs has taken place and the consensus is that at least four factors contributed to the abject failure of the programme: motives, buy-in, haste, and multi-sourcing. These could have been mitigated against had an interorganizational information system development - ERP, CRM, EAI- been undertaken from the start of the project Although praise-worthy in its ambition, the programme was motivated by government in a top-down fashion without fully consulting with IT experts, who would have been able to bring their project management skills and experience to bear. The lack of involvement of health professionals was found to be a major impediment as once systems and processes were being evaluated, there was a lack of buy-in from these end-users. Also, the speed with which contracts were awarded for the 7-16 Systems in the NHS Programme for IT must use per- sonal and confidential data about patients. Write a one- paragraph policy that stipulates responsible processing and storage of this data. 7-17. Explain what you believe are the reasons for the X-rays sharing system's success. 7-18. Read the summary of the National Audit Office's Executive Summary of the NHS Programme for IT (https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ 2011/05/1012888es.pdf.) Summarize the report's findings. 7-19. Using the facts described in this case and your answer to question 7-18, list five key lessons that you can take from the NHS Programme for IT'S X-rays sharing and Electronic Patient Records projects