application exercise Spence wanted to study paternal bonding and attachment among men who had recently become fathers. Spence was not able to identify a suitable paternal attachment instrument, and so she developed her own Paternal Attachment Scale, the PAS. Her new scale consisted of 10 statements that respondents were asked to rate on a 5-point (1-5) scale from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." An example of a scale item scale is, "The birth of my baby aroused sentiments of immediate affection." Total scores were obtained by using procedures for summated rating scales