Arm & Hammer recently used a clever freestanding insert inRedbook,Good Housekeeping, andMartha Stewart Livingmagazines, showing ways its baking soda can be used (e.g., in refrigerators and freezers to absorb odors) beyond its initial purpose as a baking ingredient. This illustrates how consumer-oriented sales promotions:

Group of answer choices:

a. none of these.

b. are employed to introduce a new brand.

c. are employed to stimulate trial.

d. are employed to increase consumption of an established brand.

e. are employed to combat competitive activity.