As summarized in Table 1-4, discuss which values best reflect your personal orientation on each of the six dimensions and why? Offer an example of your own behavior that fits each values orientation.

Culture and Manageriet 23 5. "in both the dominant profile and the variations, there is a rank ordering of preference for alternatives." 6. "In societies undergoing change, the ordering of preferences will not be clearcut. As the cyber revolution changes society, for exam- ple, organizations' preferences to communicate using the internet, fax, telephone, e-mail, courier, or postal system become unclear; different organizations make different choices. These assumptions emphasize that cultural descriptions always refer to the norm or stereotype; they never refer to the behavior of all pco- ple in the culture, nor do they predict the behavior of any particu- lar person HOW DO CULTURES VARY? As shown in Table 1-3, six basic dimensions describe the cultural ori- entations of societies: people's qualities as individuals, their relation- ship to nature and the world, their relationship to other people, their primary type of activity, and their orientation in space and tine (52,56). The six dimensions answer the questions: Who am I? How do I see the world? How do I relate to other people? What do I do? How do I use space and time? Bach orientation reflects a value and each value has behavioral and attitudinal implications. As summarized in 'Table 1-4, this section introduces the six value dimensions and gives managerial examples for each. Because many people are familiar with U.S. busi- ness customs, the examples highlight differences between the mana- gerial practices in the United States and those in a number of other countries. HOW PEOPLE SEE THEMSELVES What is the nature of the individual: good or evil? Americans traditionally see people as a mixture of good and evil, capable of choosing one over the other. They believe in the possibility of improvement through change. Some other cultures see TABLE 1-4 Cultural Orientations and Their Implications for Management Cultural U.S. Cultural Contrasting Cultural Dimensions Orientation Orientation What is the nature Mixture of good and evil Good (Evil) of people! Change is possible. Change is impossible. Example: Emphasize training and Emphasize selection and fit; development: give people select the right person for the opportunity to learn the job, do not expect emp- on the job koyees to change orice hiredl. What is a person's People dominant over Harmony (Subjugation) relationship to the nature and other aspects external environment, of the external including naturel environment. Example: Policy decisions made to Policy decisions male alter nature to fulfill 10 protect nature while people's needs.es meeting people need, Guilding dams and roads sustainable development. What is a person's Individualistic Group (Hierarchical relationship to or Lateral) other people Ixample: Personnel director reviews Personnel director selects academic and employment the closest relative of the records of each candidate chief executive as the to select the best person best person for the job. for the job Example: Individuals make decisions Groups otake decisions What is the primary mode Doing Being (Controlling) ) of activity? Example: Employees work hard to Employees work only as achieve goals; employees much as needed to earn maximize their time at enough to live; employees work minimize their time at work. How do people see space! Private Public Example: Executives hold important Executives hold important meetings in large offices meetings in opent areas, behind closed doors with with open doors and a secretary screening out many interruptions from interruptionis. employees and visitors. What is a person's PurePresent Past (Present) temporal orientation? Example: Mission statement refers Mission statement this year to 5 and 10-year goals reflects policy statements while focus is kept on this 10 years ago, the company year's bottom line and strives to use tradition to quarterly reports; in perform in the future as tion and flexibility to meet it has in the past. a dynamic, changing future are emphasized. Source: Adapted by Adler (3:411) wpdated 2007; based on Kluckhohn and Strollxck (52) and DiStefano (23); ako see Lane and DiStefano (56) TABLE 1-3 Values Orientation Dimensions Perception of Dimensions Individual Good Good and evil Evil World Dominant Harmony Subjugation Human Relations Individual Laterally Hierarchical extended groups groups Activity Doing Controlling Being Time Future Present Past Space Private Mixed Public Source: Based on Kluckhobo and Strodtbeck (52), as adapted by Lane and Distefale (56)