Assignment: Paraphrase to make original information clear, concise, and accurate.

In preparation for writing your research paper, you are asked todemonstrate your ability to borrow ideas from sample secondary sources, changing the original language whenever possible, and crediting the sources as needed with in-text citations.

Note: Since this is only an exercise, we will not be creating Work Cited or Reference entries for the sources as would be necessary in actual research.However, you must keep the citations from the original passages as part of the in-text citations to the sources.

Since this assignment is pass/fail, you may revise and resubmit passages as needed for improved grade if submitted on time. Revisions are due within one week from original due date.

Instructions:

• Offered are 4 different types of writing styles and sources typical of what you may encounter in research: a scholarly article, a trade article, a business article, and a graph.
• Copy and paste each quoted passage, and below it, paraphrase it according to instructions for each. I will compare the original with your paraphrased versions, so please have them both in view.
• Upon submission, if any of the four paraphrases are inaccurate, unclear, incomplete, wordy, lacking credit to the authors, or ungrammatical, I will ask you to revise, and you may resubmit fourtimes to earn full points.

I will only give credit for accurate, clear, complete, concise, credited, and grammatical paraphrases.

Strategies for Correct Paraphrasing:

• In paraphrasing, you should not change topic names, common terms for ordinary objects, or alter amounts of numbers.

• However, most other words, however minor, should be changed completely so as to borrow ethically and not appropriate another writer's work.

• Paraphrasing requires an entire change of a word, not just a grammatical variation as seen in the following faulty paraphrase example.

EXAMPLE Sentence to Paraphrase:

According to Lu, "I was perplexed when the police broke down my door" (30).

EXAMPLE Faulty Paraphrase:

It was perplexing for Lu when the police broke down his door (30).

EXAMPLE Correct Paraphrase and Citation:

Lu expressed bewildermentwhen the police smashed through his door (30).

Caution: Paraphrases are equal to quotations in terms of documentation requirements; don't forget to include the citations with credit to the authors.

1. Paraphrase to adjust the level of technicality.

Think of the scenario when a doctor must explain a medical treatment to a lay patient. He would need to include the important terms to be precise, but he would also need to define the procedure so that the patient fully understands it.

In the passage below, adjust the level of technicality downward. Simplify the expression so that readers without medical training, like patients of family can understand all ideas. Some research of terminology may be necessary.

According to Jacob Sox (2014), "Pulmonary angiography, still the definitive test for diagnosing pulmonary embolism, is problematic to perform, and the sensitivity of noninvasive imaging tests is still too low to rule out disease when clinical suspicion is high" (p. 6).

1. Paraphrase to make concise.

Some writers present too many words to express an idea. The sample passage below,

from a trade publication, contains wordy and redundant expression that needlessly

complicates a simple concept.

In the passage below, summarize essential ideas into a single sentence:

Sheila Wright (2013) offers her explanation: "Investigating the role of direct product experience in decision making is of critical importance to marketers because consumers rarely discount the trustworthiness of their own experiences. Compared to advertising claims, trial experiences have a stronger effect on attitude formation. Product trial is of particular importance to consumers for gaining information regarding experience attributes. Experience attributes are those that can by verified only by personally using the product.In some product categories, it seems reasonably to assume that trial-based experience attributes are the most important determinant when choosing a brand" (p.74).

3. Paraphrase to clarify meaning and formalize expression.

Some writers do not use their most precise and formal expression. They may rely on comfortable habits of speech, using figurative, vague, clichd, and colloquial expression as demonstrated in the passage below.

Translate the informal diction into a clearer, more concise and professional style while preserving essential ideas. This passage will be challenging because the writing contains few specific ideas.

"During the early days of the merger between the two companies, about a week into my new job," Kofee (2014) remarks, "I remember a management meeting where I poured out all my thoughts on several issues, but the cool response tipped me off that I had just blown an unspoken corporate rule that may help the next guy: Play nice and, no matter what, don't rock the boat.Everyone in that room just froze like I had made some off off-color joke about the boss's wife, and the body language got weird for a few uncomfortable minutes" (p. 34).

4. Paraphrase to interpret and explain data.

Sometimes secondary sources are not expressed in words but in graphics or numbers; this could be challenging for the lay reader.

Write an interpretation of key points in values and trends:

Annual World Population Change: 1950-2050 100 90 80 70 60 (millions) Annual change 50 40 30 20 10 1950 1970 1980 1990 1960 2000 2010 2030 2040 2050 2020 Year Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, August 2006 version