Assume the average height of the arteries in the lower leg is $1$ meter below the heart

level.

a$.$ Calculate the hydrostatic pressure due to the column of blood in the arteries of the lower

leg $($kPa$,$ mmHg$).(2$ points$)$

b$.$ Explain the physiological significance of hydrostatic pressure in the arteries and discuss

how hydrostatic pressure in the arteries contributes to blood flow and nutrient exchange

in the lower leg tissues. $(1$ point$)$

c$.$ If a person is lying down horizontally, recalculate the hydrostatic pressure in the arteries

of the lower leg. $(1$ point$)$

d$.$ How does the hydrostatic pressure change, and what implications does this have for

blood circulation? $(1$ point$)$