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Attempts $$ Keep the Highest $/5$

$8.$ The reserve requirement, open market operations, and the moneysupply

Consider a system of banking in which the Federal Reserve uses required reserves to control the money supply $($as was the case in the United States before $2008).$ Assume that banks do not hold excess reserves and that households do not hold currency, so the only money exists in the form of demand deposits. To further simplify, assume the banking system has total reserves of $$500.$ Determine the money multiplier as well as the money supply for each reserve requirement listed in the following table.

Reserve Requirement

Money Supply

$($Percent$)$

Simple Money Multiplier

$($Dollars$)$

$25$

$10$

A lower reserve requirement is associated with a $$ money supply.

Suppose the Federal Reserve wants to increase the money supply by $$200.$ Maintain the assumption that banks do not hold excess reserves and that households do not hold currency. If the reserve requirement is $10\%,$ the Fed will use open$-$market operations to $q,$ worth of U$.$S$.$ government bonds.

Now, suppose that, rather than immediately lending out all excess reserves, banks begin holding some excess reserves due to uncertain economic conditions. Specifically, banks increase the percentage of deposits held as reserves from $10\%$ to $25\%.$ This increase in the reserve ratio causes the money multiplier to $q,$ to $q,.$ Under these conditions, the Fed would need to $$ worth of U$.$S$.$ government bonds in order to increase the money supply by $$200.$

Which of the following statements help to explain why, in the real world, the Fed cannot precisely control the money supply? Check all that apply.

The Fed cannot control the amount of money that households choose to hold as currency.

The Fed cannot control whether and to what extent banks hold excess reserves.

The Fed cannot prevent banks from lending out required reserves.