Background. You are engaged in a study to ascertain the effectiveness of a motivational intervention on students in an early childhood educator preparation program. Students were given an assessment tool, then provided with a video intervention, and then given the same assessment tool again. The goal was to see if their scores increased between the pretest and the posttest. You measured scores in two different areas for the participants. The first area examined their confidence in their academic abilities. You asked for questions about this confidence. You added up their total responses to rank on a scale from 4 to 24. Similarly, you also asked about their sense of belonging in college. This scale was also comprised of four questions that, when summed, ranged on a scale from 4 to 24. Based on the information below, calculate the dependent t-test scores for the following.

1. Self-Efficacy. Here pre the pre-test and post-test scores:

Pre-Test	Post-Test	Difference	D2
8	17
5	23
8	22
3	19
10	27
12	19
8	10
9	14
15	15
14	16

1a. Is there a significant difference? If so, what is the T-value?

1b. Why do you believe this outcome occurred?