Based on the article below:

Carroll, R & Klatt K. (2008). Using stimulus-stimulus pairing and direct reinforcement to teach

verbal behavior to young children with autism.Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 24,135-146.

Please answer the following questions:

1. Describe how the authors explain Skinner's (1957) theory of the process by which children begin vocalizing. (Hint: look on page 135).

2. The authors state, "a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure, in which a ____________ ____________ is paired with a vocal sound, effectively increase the frequency of vocalizations in the absence of ______________________ _______________________" (p. 135).

3. Based upon the results of the studies conducted by Esch, Carr & Michael (2005) and Normand & Knoll (2006), which population were the procedures seemingly not effective for?

4. Describe the two purposes of the current study:

5. What was the operational definition of the target sounds (known and novel)? How did these sounds vary between the participants? Do you think the operational definition is a good one?

6. What was the purpose of Experiment 1? How did the experiment evolve for Max? Why?

7. Briefly describe the stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure used in Experiment 1:

8. What was the purpose of Experiment 2? Who participated in Experiment 2?

9. On page 145 (column 1), the authors summarize the results of their study. Based upon this, was the experiment effective in increasing novel sounds for the two participants?

10. "Miguel, et al. (2002) speculated the pairing procedure might work ____________ depending on the _____________________ verbal repertoire of the child" (p. 145).