Below I list some important terms and topics to help you review. You are responsible for all class notes, articles, readings, and films that have been shown or assigned thus far. Identity and Gender How do children view themselves in preschool? How do they view themselves in elementary school? What about early adolescence? What is a personal fable? . What is the imaginary audience? What is identity? Describe Erikson's theory of identity formation. According to Erikson what are the four outcomes of this identity crisis? Describe James Marcia's theory of identity formation. According to Marcia what are the four identity-status categories? How is each defined? Which identity state is least likely to eventually move into identity achievement? Describe some factors that may influence adolescents' identity formation (e.g., foreclosed identity being influenced by authoritarian parenting). What is sexual orientation? Describe the process of coming out. What's the difference between sex and gender? How do we define gender? Describe some evolutionary arguments for gender development (e.g., sex differences in play and toy preferences). How do hormones influence gender development? Organizing vs. activational influences? Describe Kohlberg's stages of gender development. What is gender schema theory? What are gender-essentialist statements? Examples? Gender segregation in play? How might the media impact gender stereotypes? The Family . . Describe Brofenbrenner's Ecological model. Be able to identify examples of each 'system'? Be familiar with the Baumrind's four parenting styles. How are they defined? What are some typical parent and child characteristics associated with each style? How does SES affect parenting style? What styles are linked to low-SES? High- SES? Teen parents - risk factors? Outcomes for kids of teen parents? What are some factors, both positive and negative, affecting the impact of divorce? Discipline Punishment vs reinforcement (positive and negative) Context of Development Friendships Types of play Types of friendship support Sociometric Status Sociometric Categories Rejected children (aggressive and withdrawn) Problems with adjustment/ Bullying Film: Bully Children's use of media (positive and negative effects) Violence in the media Children's understanding of television (pretend) Desensitization Sibling/Birth order effects Individualistic/Collectivist Cultures