Business process re$-$engineering $($BPR$)$ is the radical redesign of business

processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical aspects like quality,

output, cost, service and speed.

The redesign aims to cut down enterprise costs and process redundancies on a

very huge scale. Supply chain partners for both supply and demand must

collaborate to ensure value creation. This is often achieved through efficiency

and the effectiveness of cost reduction and robustness aimed at satisfying the

customer to gain a competitive advantage. The removal of non$-$value adding activities is one of the benefits of BPR$.$

Indicate and describe any $2$ non$-$value adding activities and justify why

each can be seen as a non$-$value adding and why it should be removed.