can someone please help me

Based on the previous exercise, the following R₀ values were found across several areas with varying population densities.

Patriot City

Masonville

Gunstonvale

R₀

2.20

1.88

1.43

For a population to be protected from a pandemic, a specific proportion of the population must be immune to the virus; this is called the herd immunity threshold (I_c). For example, if the herd immunity threshold is 0.5, a total of 50% of the population would need to be vaccinated to prevent the outbreak from becoming a pandemic. The herd immunity is calculated with the following formula:

I_c = 1- (1/R₀)

1.For each town, calculate the theoretical herd immunity threshold and record in the data table. Explain what your findings mean. Patriot City is completed for you. Show your work

Patriot City

Masonville

Gunstonvale

I_C

1 - (1/2.20) =

1 - (.45) = .55

55% of the population would need to be vaccinated to prevent the outbreak from becoming a pandemic

Although you have calculated a proportion of the population that would theoretically need to be vaccinated to prevent the outbreak from becoming a pandemic, this assumes that the vaccine is 100% effective. The actual proportion of the vaccinations leading to nonsusceptibility is the vaccine effectiveness (E). By using the vaccine effectiveness, you can calculate the minimum proportion of a population that should be vaccinated to avoid an influenza pandemic; this is known as the critical vaccination level (V_c).

Every February, a group of experts decide which influenza strains should be included in the vaccine for the coming flu season. This vaccine will be produced and shipped in the coming months and administered throughout the flu season (October-May). In this hypothetical scenario, assume that the vaccine is well-matched to the circulating strains and has an effectiveness of 0.65. Assume that the outbreak is caused by H1N1, a strain of seasonal influenza.

2.Use your previously calculated I_c values from the table above to determine the critical vaccination level for an H1N1 outbreak in each scenario. Show your work.

V_c = I_c E

I_c = herd immunity threshold

V_c = critical vaccination level

E = vaccine effectiveness.

H1N1

Patriot City

Masonville

Gunstonvale

V_c = I_c E

3.Examine the Vc values for each town if the influenza strain is H1N1. In which town would stopping the spread of the infection be the easiest? Explain why. In which town would stopping the spread of the infection be the most challenging? Explain why

The effective reproduction number (R_E) is the portion of the population who is susceptible to influenza. Unlike the basic reproduction number (R₀), R_E takes into account previously acquired immunity or other countermeasures (e.g., vaccination or quarantine) to combat disease transmission. Immunity can come from vaccinations (artificially acquired immunity) or from a person recovering from the virus (naturally acquired immunity).

4.Would the R_E remain constant throughout the course of an epidemic? Explain why or why not.

5.If R_E is >1, an epidemic is probable. If R_E is <1, an epidemic is declining.By using your understanding of how outbreaks occur, explain why this is logical.

When pandemics occur, as we have seen with COVID-19, one possible countermeasure is to close non-essential businesses. This is a controversial countermeasure. What one additional measure would you suggest? Using the following table, identify one positive and one negative consideration for closing non-essential businesses and the countermeasure you suggest.

Positive

Negative

1.Closing non-essential businesses

2.Your group suggestion here