Canada has suffered a cyber-attack that caused significant disruption and physical damage to an energy site of national importance and caused widespread power outages. The evidence suggests that the attack was caused by a hacker group of Moravian nationality.

The Canadian Government has asked for your legal opinion on the following two questions:

(1) can the attack be attributed to the Moravian state;

(2) does the attack constitute a prohibited use of force?

In answering these questions, set out applicable legal principles for the Canadian Government.