1. Cause-and-effect conclusions are drawn between ____________ and ____________. (2 pts)
   1. The subjects and the treatment
   2. The observational units and the variable
   3. The explanatory variable and the response variable
   4. Statistical significance and statistical confidence

1. What is the term for the other factors that can have an effect on research results? (2 pts)
   1. Blinding
   2. Researcher bias
   3. Placebo effect
   4. Confounding Variable

1. Which of the following must happen in a study to allow us to determine cause and effect? (2 pts)
   1. Taking a random sample from a population
   2. Randomly assigning the observational units to different treatment groups
   3. Simulation-based techniques
   4. Theory-based techniques

1. What do we know about a study that implements random sampling only? (2 pts)
   1. Can draw a cause and effect conclusion
   2. We cannot draw any conclusions from this study
   3. Can generalize results to the entire population
   4. There will be the potential for sampling bias

1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms for what each situation means for a given study.

Sampling: . If random then we can results to Population population. If not random then results to population. Sample Assignment of Explanatory Variable: . If random then . This is an Study . If not random then only Group 1 Group 2 . This is an Study