Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistics Instructions: Complete the following five (5) problems by clearly labeling your answers. CLEARLY identify all answers. 1. Statistical methods are classified into two major categories: descriptive and inferential. Describe the general purpose for the statistical methods in each category. 2. Four scales of measurement were introduced in this chapter, from simple classification on a nominal scale to the more informative measurements from a ratio scale. 2a. What additional information is obtained from measurements on an ordinal scale compared to measurements on a nominal scale? 2b. What additional information is obtained from measurements on an interval scale compared to measurements on an ordinal scale? 2c. What additional information is obtained from measurements on a ratio scale compared to measurements on an interval scale?

3. Your friend measures the temperature of her coffee to be 70 Celsius. Your friend also notices that the temperature outside is 35 Celsius. Why is it incorrect to say that the coffee is twice as warm as the temperature outside? (Hint: think about this variable's scale of measurement) 4. Ackerman and Goldsmith (2011) compared learning performance for students who studied material printed on paper versus students who studied the same material presented on a computer screen. All students were then given a test on the material and the researchers recorded the number of correct answers. 4a. Identify the dependent variable for this study. 4b. Is the dependent variable discrete or continuous? 4c. What scale of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio) is used to measure the dependent variable? 5. Ford and Torok (2008) found that motivational signs were effective in increasing physical activity on a college campus. Signs such as "Step up to a healthier lifestyle" and "An average person burns 10 calories a minute walking up the stairs" were posted by the elevators and stairs in a college building. Students and faculty increased their use of the stairs during times that the signs were posted compared to times when there were no signs. 5a. Identify the independent and dependent variables for this study. 5b. What scale of measurement is used for the independent variable?