Chapter 4 4.1 Provide two programming examples in which multiprogramming provides better performance than a single-threaded solution. 4.3 Describe the actions taken by a kernel to context-switch between kernel level threads. 4.4 What resources are used when a thread is created? How do they differ from those used when a process is created? 4.13 The program shown below uses the pthreads API. a) What is the output from line A? b) What is the output from line B? 

 #include  #include  int value = 0; void *runner (void *param); int main (int argc, char **argv) { int pid; pthread_t tid; pthread_attr_t attr; pid = fork(); if ( pid == 0 ) { pthread_attr_init(&attr); pthread_create(&tid, &attr, runner, NULL); pthread_join(tid, NULL); printf("CHILD: value = %d ", (int)value); // line A } else if ( pid > 0 ) { wait(NULL); printf("PARENT: value = %d ", value); // line B } } void *runner(void *param) { value = 5; pthread_exit(0); }