Choose any FOUR of the five lower “rungs” of Sherry R. Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Participation (left), namely

1) manipulation,

2) therapy,

3) informing,

4) consultation, and

5) placation.

Describe how powerholders at the four rungs that you have chosen, in the name of citizen participation, are actually trying to deceive people.

 

 

Transcribed Image Text:

NONPARTICIPATION PLACATION CONSULTATION INFORMING THERAPY MANIPULATION TOKENISM NONPARTICIPATION PLACATION CONSULTATION INFORMING THERAPY MANIPULATION TOKENISM

Answer rating: 100% (QA)

Sherry Arnsteins Ladder of Citizen Participation describes how empowered public institutions and officials deny power to citizens and how levels of citizen agency control and power can be increased Pr... View the full answer