civil engineering theory evolved over time, shaping modern infrastructure practices and addressing contemporary challenges? Explore key theoretical frameworks underpinning structural analysis, materials science, geotechnical engineering, and fluid mechanics. Investigate how historical breakthroughs, from Archimedes' principles to Euler's buckling formula, laid foundations for modern methodologies. Analyze the influence of theoretical advancements on seismic design, sustainable construction, and transportation systems. Consider the integration of computational methods, such as finite element analysis, in refining theoretical models. Evaluate interdisciplinary intersections with urban planning, environmental engineering, and risk management, emphasizing the role of theory in fostering resilient and equitable civil infrastructure solutions.