Programming Questions and Answers November 25, 2018

1. Modify the following function so that it will display the error description when division by zero occurs by filling in the proper lines in position X and Y. (or simply state what X and Y should be) Sub MoreErrorHandling () Dim a As Integer, b As Integer, c As Integer GetDataFromUser a, b X C a b Y MsgBox c Exit Sub Handler MsgBox Err.

2. A Bankers Algorithm System has five processes (POP4) and four resources (AD). The current allocation state is depicted in the diagram below. Find a safe sequence with a diagrammatic explanation throughout. Allocation Available B 72 C D 0 1 BO Max C D A AI B 0 1 2 1 5 5 0 629 5 5 5 Omen in in in 73 16 AVI200 D A 2042 5 C10 in A B Po 0 0 P 0 3 P4

Given Binary Search Trees k a t (b) 2 X m 4 d 5 f Z i What are the children of a after deletion of k Give both possible variants What is the predecessor of j 1 or (B. F (E) D A What is the predecessor of B What is the of successor F What is the successor of E What is the predecessor of G 1 1 1

Given a graph G 4 1 2 8 9 10 5 3 11 6 Give the order in which nodes are traversed with BFS from source 2 from source 1

The following code demonstrates a pair of parent process and child process. the possible outputs. void forkwait() int childstatus if (fork() 0) printf(HC ) exit(0) else Acti

1) Give the bigOh characterization, in terms of n, of the running time of the pseudocode loops shown below (3 pts each) a) x1 for i1 to 8n do xxi b) b1 while n0 do c) S 0 bb(5n) nen2 for i1 to 2n do for j 1 to i do ssi d) k0 for i1 to n do for j 1 to 5n do ktki I Act Go t

G1 Run A and RBFS (recursive best first search) algorithms on the graph below and show the path found step by step. Starting Node A, Target Node G1, G2, G3 5 9 3 9 G2 5 1 6 6 Node h A 7 B 3 G1 0 S 5 C 4 G2 0 D 6 7 E 5 F 6 8 G3 G3 0

An equation that models the effect of temperature on water viscosity is de Where dynamic viscosity, Ttemperature, and d and b are unknown parameters. (Temperature is the independent variable) Consider the following experimental data T 273 278 283 293 303 313 1.787 1.519 1.307 1.002 0.7975 0.6529 a. (By hand) Linearize the equation. Specify the

4) Consider the following algorithm (shown with line numbers) that finds the maximum element in an array of positive integers. 1 int findMaxElement (int nums , int N) 2 int i, maxNum maxNum 1 for (i 0 i N i) 3 4 5 6 if (numsi maxNum) maxNum nums i 7 return maxNum 8 You can assume all elements are unique and that each occurs with equal

1. If nums is an ArrayList that initially holds the values 2.5, 0.5, 1.0, 3.5, 10.0, what values does nums hold after the function call change List (nums) public void changeList(ArrayList list) for(int i 0 i list.size() i) if(list.get(i) 1) list.set(i, list.get(i)10.0)

6. Below is a map of Oneway City, a poorly planned town with oneway streets as indicated. A number of locations are also indicated on the map. B C A D (a) Draw the complete directed graph with vertices corresponding to O, A, B, and C (ignore D for now) and two edges between each pair of vertices, one in each direction. Label each with the distance

write the FlowLayout statement in the indicated line that will display the two greeting JLabels side by side.

import javax.swing. import java.awt. public class JFrame 6 public static void main(String args) final int FRAMEWIDTH 250 final int FRAMEHEIGHT 100 JFrame aFrame new JFrame (Sixth frame) aFrame.setSize (FRAMEWIDTH, FRAMEHEIGHT) aFrame.setVisible (true) aFrame.setDefaultCloseOperation (JFrame.EXITONCLOSE) JLabel greeting new JLabel (Hello)

8. An uppertriangular linear system has the form a11 a12 a13 a14 21 0 0221 023 a24 22 b 0 0 0 033 034 00 23 b3 044 ba for example, in the case of a 4 x 4 system. Such systems are easily solved by back substitution (solve the last equation for 4, then the previous equation for x3, etc.) How many multiplication operations does this require (Count a

Given the following sequential algorithm for computing prefix sums for i from 0 to n1 do Ai Ai1 Ai Explain why this algorithm cannot be run in parallel.

4. (5 marks) Consider the following schedule, where r(v) means that transaction i reads object v and wi(v) means that transaction i writes to object v. r2(x) r3(y) f(x) wa(y) w(x) ra(y) r(z) wa(y) rz(y) ra(z) w(y) (a) (2 mark) List all pairs of conflicting operations in this schedule. (b) (2 mark) Draw the conflict graph for this schedule. (c) (1

3. (2 marks) Let R be a relational schema A, B, C, D, E, F, G) and let F be the set of functional dependencies F (AB C, AC B, BC EG, ADE, BDG, BE A, AE CG). Find the minimal cover.

di 16 20 8) What would be the preemptive Round Robin schedule for the following task set Assume Q1. Indicate clearly any deadline misses if any Ti Ci T1 T 4 8 T3 1 95 46 15 10

Write a program that asks the user to enter a positive integer n, and calculates the sum of the integers 1 357...(2n1) and prints out this sum to the screen. For example, when n is 5, 2n1 is 9, thus the sum of integers is 1357925. Your program should be able to handle the invalid case where the input is negative. You must use loop to do this task.

38 points Write the following sequence of code into RISCV assembler. Assume that x, y, and z are stored in registers x18, x19, and x20 respectively. xy2 zxz2

Determine the Q output for the JK flipflop, given the inputs shown. PRE J CL.X K CLK CLB Set PRE Reset CLR

Create a program that computes the letter grade based on the average of 5 test scores. The user should enter 5 test scores between 0 and 100. Your program should check that the scores are valid and print an error message if they are not. If the scores are valid, the program should print the average and the letter grade as seen below. Use a switch

When a program is compiled and run, local variables are placed on what is called the stack. These are typically very close together in memory space. The benefit is that the program can quickly access these variables. One downside is that variables created on the stack cannot be resized. Write a program that creates local variables of the following

5) Given R b (ba)b and S (abab) a) Give an example of a string of length five that is neither in the language of R nor in S. 2 marks b) Give an example of a string of length five that is in the language of S but not R. 2 marks c) Give an example of a string of length five that is in the language of R but not S. 2 marks d) Give an example of a

2.26 (Turtle draw a circle) Write a program that prompts the user to enter the center and radius of circle, and then displays the circle and its area, as shown in Figure 2.5. 74 Python Turtle Graphics 7853.75 FIGURE 2.5 A circle and its area are displayed.

1.1 What do the following commands do You can use command man to check the command description. cd ps ps u (whoami) kill 1.2 What does the following script do myvar0 while myvar le 10 do done echo myvar myvar (myvar 1)) 1.3 What does the following script do for myfile in .. do if d myfile then echo myfile (dir). else echo myfile fi done

subject to Minimize T T x 1 x9 63 Find x, u, , and F. (a) Use Lagrange Multiplier method (b) Read about MATLAB fmincon command. Formulate the problem and solve it using fmincon. Compare your result with your analytical solution. Activate Windows

In the highlight of our RTOS study, compare code A to B While (not event) ( WAIT DO SOMETHING Code A Loop ) if (event) DO SOMETHING DO SOMETHING ELSE Code B

Please show the routing table for router R5 in the following network R4 210.7.2.9 80.4.5.10 80.4.5.0 R3 80.4.6.2 80.4.6.0 80.4.5.9 80.4.6.1 R2 210.7.2.12 R5 200.8.4.12 200.8.4.0 200.8.4.17 m2 ml 201.4.10.3 R1 201.4.10.13 m0 Rest of the Internet

6. Add the following code to your List linked.py List implementation 1 def reverse(self) 2 3 4 Reverses the order of the elements in list. 5 (iterative algorithm) 6 Use source.reverse() 7 8 Returns 9 None 10 11 12 13 self.rear self.front previous None 14 current self.front 15 16 17 18 19 20 while current is not None temp current.next

Suppose we want to find number of permutations x1, x2, ... x10 of numbers 1, 2, ..., 10. But there is a restriction for some of the numbers to be placed in some of the positions as follows xii 3 for all i 1, 2, ... , 10 For example, permutation 10, 9, 1, 2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 7,8 is not acceptable since x8 greater than equal 5 (x8 8 3 5). How many of

Given the relations U and S below, use ordered pair notation to express the relation So U. a SOUEx (a, b), (b, c) b U b S C

Suppose that you are using the following hash function to keep records of students in hash map. H(K) month of K where K is the birth date of the student. What is the probability that you will have at least one collision after inserting 50 students in the databese Explain and show your calculations clearly.

Three observations for a response random variable Y are 4,9,14 the corresponding values observed for the explanatory vari able X are 3,4,5. Assume a linear model Y 0 31X BoB1X (a) Compute ordinary least squares estimates of the coefficients 0 and B using linear algebra calculations by hand and with explanatory comments. (4 marks). (b) Calculate

Consider the directed graph below, where the edge weight represents the actual distance from a source node to a destination node. The heuristic cost between two nodes n and m is, h(n,m) (nm) (nm). Note that S0 and G12. 1 2 S 3 1 2 3 2 4 3 4 5 6 7 3 2 6 8 9 10 11 6 2 12 3 G 1. If BFS chooses the lowestnumbered neighbor first, find the BFS path

5. This picture represents. c2 g(n) f(n) cl g(n) 0 choose one option from below and justify your answer. a. big theta notation b. big oh notation c. big omega notation d. none of the above Put your solution here

1. Having Following graph a. Illustrate and explaindepthfirstsearch (DFS) traversal and explain how you do it starting at vertex D b. Illustrate and explainBreadthfirstsearch traversal and explain how you do it starting at vertex D E K D B H

. Consider the following sequence of keys (25, 24, 29, 20, 33, 18, 22, 31, 28, 35,34, 46) Consider the insertion of items with this set of keys in the order given into a. An initially empty (2,4) tree T b. An initially empty redblack Tree T. Draw T and T after each insertion.

17. What order of complexity does this graph represent justify your answer. 151 10 5t 200 400 600 800 1000 Put your solution here

17. Find the value of the following expressions a. 124 63 b. 8 73 c. 8 static cast 73. d. 12 5 67

1. Write a program to load registers pair DX and BX with data 0135 h. 2. Write a program to load the contains of memory location 2420h to registers pair AX, BX as well as the memory location 2424h. 3. Write a program to load registers pair BX and DX with the contains of memory location 2428h and 242Ah respectively and then exchange the contains

1. For 1, 2, 3, ..., 9, 10 B 1, 2, 4, 8), C 1, 2, 3, 5, 7), Determine each of the following a) (AUB) nc c) TUD let A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and D 2, 4, 6, 8). b) AU (BNC) d) COD e) (AUB) C f) AU (BC) g) (BC) D h) B (CD)

Consider the following MIPS loop LOOP slt t2, 0, t1 beq 12, 0, DONE subi t1, t1, 1 addi s2, s2, 2 j LOOP DONE Assume that the register t1 is initialized to the value 10. What is the value in register s2 assuming s2 is initially zero

1 Write a program that add the two words stored in data segment offset of 2420,2421,2422,2423 H to a twowords stored in a data segment offset of 2424,2425,2426,2427 H, store the result at 2420,2421,2422,2423 H. 55 74 60 FF H 13 2F F1 00 H 2 Write a program to perform multiword subtraction by forming the (2s complement) of the subtrahend and then

1 Write a program that add the two words stored in data segment offset of 2420,2421,2422,2423 H to a twowords stored in a data segment offset of 2424,2425,2426,2427 H, store the result at 2420,2421,2422,2423 H. 55 74 60 FF H 13 2F F1 00 H 2 Write a program to perform multiword subtraction by forming the (2s complement) of the subtrahend and then

1. What is the output of the following code and why include include int sum this data is shared by the thread(s) void runner(void param) the thread main(int argc, char argv) pthreadt tidl, tid the thread identifier pthreadattrt attr set of thread attributes if (argc 2) fprintf(stderr, usage a.out ) exit() if (atoi(argv1 0)

28. Draw the expression tree and find the infix and postfix expressions for the following prefix expression XABXC DEF 29. Draw the expression tree and find the infix and prefix expressions for the following postfix expression ABXCDEFX

Consider the following code public class MainOverload public static void main(String args) main (2) System.out.println (main (Cloud) main (4) public static void main (Integer intvalue) int total main (Rain)) intvaluc intvalue intvalue System.out.println(Total total) public static String main (String args) intvalue f return (10 5 args 10

Write a Java program that will display the given GUI. Use all the Layout Managers discussed in class. Card 1 Select Customer or Contact Alderson George Fiter Customers Only Customers on a Trip All Contacts Title Customer Type Standard First Name George Last Name Alderson 711967 allergic to shellish Preferences Personal Primary Activity Walking

Assume a Kohonen Network (SelfOrganising Map) with two input units and a physical grid of 3 x39 output units a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i. The weight vectors of the output units are initially given by (shown by their physical arrangement in output space) Wd Wa(1,5) (5, 1) wg (5,5) W (2.3) We (3.2) Wh(3,3) We (4,1) w(1,4) W (1, 1) (a) (4 points)

(2.1) Use the reduced row echelon form to verify that det(A) det(A). (4) 3 1 2 A 211 1 02 (2.2) Use inspection to find (Without calculating the determinant) 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0002 (2) 39

(1) Write statements to do the following . Define a pointer type intptr for pointer variables that contain pointers to int variables. II. Declare p1 to be a pointer to an int. iii. Dynamically allocate an integer variable and store its address in p1. iv. Assign the value 23 to the variable that p1 is pointing to. V. Declare an int variable a. vi.

6 Consider the following C code segment if (x 15) xxm else xx m X fruction Write a sequence of MIPS instructions that directly correspond to this C code segment. Assume register 50 contains the integer variable x and register 1 contains the integer variable m. Use temporary registers if necessary. To alter the order of execution of instructions in

List the adjacency matrix for the following graph 2 6 3

Write a program that asks a user to enter the size of a dynamic array that stores exam marks obtained by students. Create the dynamic array and a loop that allows the user to enter an exam mark into each array element. Loop through the array, find the average mark for the exam and output it. Delete the memory allocated to your dynamic array before

Convert the circuit below into all NAND gates A B CIN S COUT

tarangile loool erit novia (0.01) Recall that given a string x, the string v is a substring of x if there exist strings u and w such that xuvw. Given a string x of length n, how many substrings v of x are there ai 0 aulay iti vine tail ori

Sketch spectrum of the signals x(t) and y(t and design a system to recover m(t) from y(t). Clearly show all calculations. M(0) m(t) (CLO2 C6, PLO2) Lowpass filter 015 kHz y(f) (8) 15 kHz 15 kHz f kHz 2 cos 30,000x

Assume all variables are properly declared. The output of the following C code is 01 234. n 0 while (n 5) cout n n

2. The following program displays the message Hello there regardless of the letter input. Determine where the error is and, if possible, why the program always causes the message to be displayed. include int main() char letter printf(Enter a letter ) letter) scanf(c, if (leter m) printf(Hello there) return 0

(10 points) Consider the following relation schema for a university database Student (Student ID, Name, Major) Course (Course ID, CourseName, Credits) Enrollment (Student ID, Course ID, Grade) (a) What are the appropriate primary keys for each relation (b) Given your choice of primary keys, identify appropriate foreign keys in the Enrollment

2. A system has 232 bytes of physical memory and uses paging. Each page is 210 bytes and there are 216 pages total in the virtual address space. (a) How many bits are in a virtual address (b) How many bytes are in a frame (c) How many bits in the real address specify the start address of the frame

1. Simplify the following Boolean expression YXYZ 2. Simplify the following Boolean expression (XZ)X 3. Simplify the following Boolean expression (just simplify it as much as you can) AABCABC 4. Simplify the following Boolean expression. Given DeMorgan Theorem (AB)AB B(AB)

a. Show the d and values that result from running breadthfirst search on the directed graph of Fig 1, using vertex A as the source. (Ascending Order) b. Show the d, f and values that result from running depthfirst search on the directed graph of Fig 1, using vertex A as the source. (Descending Order) C A B G Fig 1 (D F

Write a C program that calculates the volume of a cylinder. Define appropriate variables for the diameter and the height of the cylinder. Assuming the units of these variables are in inches, display the computed volume in milliliters (ml). Use the following formula to compute the volume. 14 height diameter Your screenshot must show the following

4.5. Multiplication in GF(24) Compute A(x)B(x) mod P(x) in GF(24) using the irreducible polynomial P(x) xx1. What is the influence of the choice of the reduction polynomial on the computation 1. A(x) x1, B(x) x x1 2. A(x) x1, B(x) x1

Design a Fuzzy system to reduce effect of impulse noise on a noisy image with intensities ranging from 0, L1. Let zs denotes the intensity of middle pixel of the neighborhood. The output intensity values will be z zsv, where v is the output of fuzzy system. Assume there are no noise spikes throughout the image. Based on your design, answer the

What basic logic gate does this implement a b in out Not otb E in Not O out nota And out aAndNotb out Or out b notAndb a out And b

What logic gate does this represent (reduce it) Do D

Write a Python function that produces y values for any given x (which does not need to be an integer) based on the above graph. If x is not between 0 and 25 your function should return 0.,S 3 2 1 y0.4x y20.2(x15) 0 5 10 15 20 20 25 25 30 30

Let the context free grammar G (S, A, B, C, D, X, Y, a, b, P, S) (which already is in Chomsky normal form) be given, where P is defined by SAB XC XY AXC XY CAY B DY XY D XB D

1. Solve the following questions about time complexity. a. Calculate the time complexity of the following code snippet int p 0 for (i n 2 i 1 i 6) for (j 2 j 1 i 6) for (j2 j

What is the r value in the 10th recursive call of function foo(123456, 2),long foo (long n, long r). if (n 0) else return (n2 0 foo (nr1, r1) foo (n (r1),r)) return 0

4. Consider the following list Index 01234567 Number 23 2 19 3 7 11 5 13 Will the algorithm given on the right be able to find the search value T2 for the list above If yes, show the value of L, R, m in each step of the algorithm. If no, explain why not. function binarysearch(A, n, T) is L 0 R n 1 while LR do m floor((LR) 2) if Am T then L m

The result will be 0 because int main() double a 3 double p a int i for (i 1 i 3 i) p 14 printf(lf, p) return 0

An Assembly ADD instruction ADD AX, BX Is encoded into 16 bit (Word Length) Binary Code, How many machine cycles are required to execute this instruction using a hypothetical microprocessor which has 16 bit address bus, 8 bit data bus with a a 8 bit length MEMORY. If each Machine cycles consists of 3 bus cycle (states) and the MPs speed in 5 Mhz,

7. 2 pts Figure 5 shows the current layout of a tictactoe game board, and its Max (X) turn to make the next move. Please draw the remaining states of the game tree 1 pt, Determine best move for Max and explain the reason 1 pt. 00x Xs turn (MAX) Figure 5

4. Use the GramSchmidt algorithm to transform B 0 into an orthogonal basis. 0 1

Which property does this algorithm lack,procedure divide(n positive integer) while 0 m (2n5)4 n n1 return m

2. Suppose that an limno anan1 Enter answer here 9an120an2 for n 1 with ao 0 and a1 1. What is the value of

Assume that the given code runs without any errors and the value of variables used in the code are y122, y211, and y312. What will be the output of the following C code y1 y2 y2 y3 y3 yly2y3y2 cout y1 y2 y3

5. Marks 5 See the following code. Tell which part will be executed on the master and which will run on each worker node What will be the output of these 4 print statements based on the logic and why simpleData (Adam, Sales, 8, 84000, 34), (Michael, HR, 10, 86000,56), (Mary, Finance, 9, 90000,24),columnsemployeename, department, deptid, salary,

8. Find a binary tree whose preorder and inorder traversals create the same result. 9. What are the maximum and minimum heights of a tree with 28 nodes 10. In a binary tree, what is the maximum number of nodes that can be found in level 37 In level 4 In level 12 11. What is the balance factor of the tree in Figure 626 FIGURE 626 Binary Tree for

Consider individual stages of the datapath that have the following latencies IF ID EX MEM WB 15 ns 5 ns 10 ns 30 ns 5 ns A. (5 points) What is the clock cycle time in a pipelined and nonpipelined processor Show your work. B. (5 points) What is the total latency of an Iw (load) instruction in a pipelined and a nonpipelined processor

Fill in the blanks of the below code to generate the following output. Output Element 2 Element 4 Element 6 Element 8 Element 10 Code const intStr phrase Element, numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, , loop() ( this.numbers.forEach ( function (number) console.log( .bind(), number2) , intStr.loop()

What is the output of the code?

String s new String(5) int a 4 int b 5 String st a b s a b System.out.println (st a b)

Reduce the number of the states of the below dfa. a q1 a 90 b 92 b b a a a, b 94 a 95 96 a,

A college is selecting a new server to add in the computing center. The college examines 18 different models, paying attention to the following considerations A cartridge tape drive, B DVD burner, and C SCSI RAID Array. The number of servers with any or all of these features are as follows A B C 6, AN B B N C1, A N C 2, AN BNC 0. Answer the

125 06 What would be the output from the Test2.m answer 30201 e following MATLAB script named Test2.m 33.369200 the following fprintf(Answer is funct1 funct2 Answe36ge008 Answer) 80202306252022 fprintf(Answer is d , Answer) funct1 funct1.m function functi 236ge008 2418020230625202 persistent count 5231 if isempty (count) 25202236ge008841802220625

The statements below correspond to a single C statement. Write that statement. Assume that the variables f, g, h, i, and j are assigned to registers XO,X1,X2,X3, and X4, respectively. Assume that the base address of the arrays A and B are in registers X6 and X7, respectively. These arrays (AB) hold 64bit integers. (15 pts) LSL X9, X3, 3 ADD X9,

You will apply the Closest pair algorithm to the following collection of points (sorted by xcoordinate) (1,3), (1, 7), (2, 4), (2, 9), (3, 1), (3, 5), (4, 3), (4, 7), as outlined in the steps below. You can use that the smallest distance between any pair of points in the left half is 8 2 1.41 (between (1,3) and (2, 4)) and the smallest distance

3) a) When designing a new class hierarchy, what conditions must be met to make it appropriate to use inheritance (10p) b) Suppose you have the class hierarchy using inheritance shown next, how can you change the program so as the functionality should not be changed (10p) Superclass operation 10 void operation20 void Subclass

Given are two burndown charts. 1 A. Draw an ideal Burndown chart explain 1 B. What can you learn about the teams and the projects from these burndown charts Work Remaining Time Work Remaining Time

Write an LC3 program that that compares two numbers stored in memory at locations x301E and x301F. If the numbers are equal, then R1 is set equal to 1, else R1 is set equal to 0.

Use Sobel mask and find horizontal and vertical gradient outputs for the given 5x5 image matrix which is coded 4bitpixel. (Dont use padding operation, obtain your output matrix as 3x3 image size) 3 22 13 11 323 12 3 1 11 1 13 10 13 12 13 14 12 14 12 14 2 1 12 13 2 a Calculate the Gradient Magnitude Matrix b Calculate the Gradient Orientation

of estion 2.1 Write a C program that calculates a customers bill for a local cable company. The cable company has two types of customers residential and business with different rates allocated for each type. For residential customers, the following rates apply Bill processing fee R4.50 Basic service fee R20.50 Premium channels R7.50 per channel 4

Write a program to create a file named MyFile.txt. Store the following information in the file. Name Mlido Zodwa Phumla Tom Surname Samsons Bardwell Harrison Mpisane ITS Number 402106372 402103053 402104045 402106715 Your program should allow the user to add an additional record (i.e. Name, Surname and ITS number).

Please write a program that calculates the final score of multiple students using different weight of exams and assign their final grade using the following criteria If the average grade is 90 or above grade A, If the average grade is between 80 and 89 grade B, If the average grade is between 70 and 79 grade C, If the average grade is between 60

Assume that we have a Ridge regression problem with only one predictor, and the true model is linear without an intercept, i.e. Y X e. Assume that we have In samples, (xi, y), (x2, Y2), . . ., (xn, Yn) and we want to find the L2 regularized least squares estimate from the data. (a) Formulate the objective function in terms of a candidate B and

2.1 Explain by means of drawings how the SuccessiveApproximation conversion process takes place when receiving an analog voltage input. Use the KEEPRESET method. Use 5 V input. Vref 8 V (10) 2.2 Draw a categorized drawing to show the ROM family. (5) 2.3 Explain any 2 of the ROM with reference to programming and erasure. (5) 20

Write a MATLAB codescript includes calling a function named your first name which returns the area and volume of a cylinder. This code prompts the user to enter the radius (r) and height (h) values and prints out a statement like the following EXAMPLE (20p). Also, explain the way or steps regarding the function and code in which you follow to