1. Consider the following experimental design. Identify the 2 most significant flaws in this study

In a clinical trial that studied the effectiveness of an acupuncture treatment to migraines, the sample of patients were divided into two groups by their gender. The women were each given a placebo pill and the men were each given the acupuncture treatment. The changes of severity of their migraines at the beginning and end of the trial were compared.

2.. The Ontario government is running a study regarding the adoption rate of a new, safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine. The vaccine is free and distributed across the province in designated locations, including schools. It is not on the list of mandatory vaccines for schools. The administration of a local elementary school sends out a consent form to each student's parent(s)/guardian(s) to be signed and returned ahead of the upcoming vaccination opportunity. As well, as a fun game, the administration tells the teachers to post a list of names of the students that have and have not returned their consent forms, and reward those who have. At the time of the vaccination date, around 5% of the Grade 2 class has not returned their consent forms. The school administration decides to go ahead and vaccinate all the students since the vaccine is free and safe.

a) Have any ethics violations occurred? If so, please provide justification