Consider the following pseudocode:

procedure main$()$

b : integer :$=1$

c : integer :$=2$

procedure first$()$

b : integer :$=$ c

c : integer :$=$ a

procedure second$()$

print a$,$ b$,$ c

a : integer :$=2$

$--$body of first

second$()$

print a$,$ b$,$ c

$--$body of main

first$()$

For each of the following three scenarios, specify

which statements $($in which line number$)$ will cause a

static semantic error and why:

a$)$ names must be declared before use, and the scope

of a name extends from its declaration through the

end of the block?

b$)$ names must be declared before use, but the scope

of a name is the entire block in which it is declared?

c$)$ names can be declared in any order, and their

scope is the entire block in which they are declared?

Suppose that procedure swap is declared as follows $($using

Pascal syntax$)$:

procedure swap$($x$,$ y: integer$)$;

procedure f$($a$)$: integer;

begin $(*$ f $*)$

a :$=$ y;

return x

end f;

begin $(*$ swap $*)$

y :$=$ f$($x$)$

end swap;

Describe the effect of the procedure call swap $($i$,$

A $[$i$])$ assuming that macro expansion is used.