Conversations on the arithmetic of games started some time before the ascent of present day numerical game hypothesis. Cardano's work on shots in the dark in Liber de ludo aleae (Book on Games of Chance), which was composed around 1564 yet distributed post mortem in 1663, figured out a portion of the field's fundamental thoughts. During the 1650s, Pascal and Huygens fostered the idea of assumption on thinking about the construction of shots in the dark, and Huygens distributed his betting math in De ratiociniis in ludo alese (On Reasoning in Games of Chance) in 1657