1 Boltzmann's Epitaph, an idea to die for!?! 2 At the beginning of the 20th century,...
Fantastic news! We've Found the answer you've been seeking!
Question:
Transcribed Image Text:
1 Boltzmann's Epitaph, an idea to die for!?! 2 At the beginning of the 20th century, Ludwig Boltzmann was one of the young physicists championing the particle view of matter. 3 Strange as it may seem now, the view was far from universal at that time, indeed it was not the favored theory of matter. The heavyweights of the time, 4 like Ernst Mach and others were strongly opposed to the idea and presented a strong resistance to the ideas at scientific conferences. 5 One unfortunate result of this was Ludwig Boltzmann's suicide at one such conference when he was still in his twenties. 6 His statistical formula for entropy is engraved on his headstone in memmory of his achievement and, perhaps, in mourning of 7 what might have been accomplished had he continued his work. 8 7 9 10 Without presenting a formal derivation, Boltzmann's formula for entropy is 11 S = klnW W = 12 13 Basically, it says that the arrangement with the greatest entropy is the one which is most probable. 14 Recall that the change in entropy for an isolated system is always greater than zero. 15 So, isolated systems tend toward the most probable distribution of energy. 16 number of arrangements of the energy with = N! / [N1! N2! N3!...] W is called the partition function. 17 One application of this is for molecules with discrete energy states as required by quantum mechanics. 18 The fraction of molecules or population in each energy state can be determined using Boltzmann's entropy. 19 40 20 Start with N molecules at temperature T 21 and in some energy state En 31 32 33 34 [Q2] E_therm =1.5 NKT E_tot = N(1.5kT+En) 22 22 23 Via collisions and so on, the energy will not remain distributed this way. 24 35 36 37 38 k=R/N_A 25 We will suppose that the processes which redistribute the energy happen with no change in total energy. 26 This is just saying that there is no energy input or output from the collection of molecules, 27 so that it is an isolated system.. 28 29 30 [Q1] For a total of N particles, there are N! ways of arranging them: N choices for the first (N-1) for the second....1 for the last If the N objects are placed in distinct groups, then each of these groups will have a number of arrangements calculated the same way. N1 objects in the first group can be arranged N1! Ways. These rearrangements do not affect the distribution of objects among the groups, so we divide the total N! arrangements by each of the Ni! Factors to get the number of arrangements with the same distribution. That is the W in Boltzmann's equation. So, picture an isolated collection of N molecules at temperature T and in the energy state En. No energy is exchanged with the surroundings. As some of them get bumped up into other energy states Ei, what happens to the thermal energy of the molecule? We will use the thermodynamic definition of entropy: AS=dQ/T for reversible dQ (as it is here). We will count any change in thermal energy as heat. When a molecule changes energy state from En to Ei, the energy tied up in that form changes by Ei-En. Keeping in mind the statement on line 32, show that the heat associated with the transition is given by Q = -AE. Using that result, show how the following relations come from Boltzmann's entropy equation (the first relation): S=kIn(W) e^S/k = W S=Q/T e^-AE/kt = W This exponential is the ratio of populations for two energy levels AE apart when at thermal equilibrium. Exercise: Q3: Now suppose you have 7 particles but only 11 units of energy. Find all possible distributions (and the one with the highest value of W and therefore the maximum entropy). You may not need all the rows provided. EN 7 7 7 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 particles 11 energy 1 3 5 4 N =E 2 4 0 2 3 0 2 1 4 0 0 0 E 11 11 11 0 5 0 2 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NI = How does your most probable result compare to the exponential Boltzmann distribution? 5040 П[(N_)!] 144 240 48 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 i 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 W 35 21 21 105 105 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 FATA 5040 FATA 5040 FATA 5040 MOTO 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 In(W) 3.555348 3.044522 4.65396 8.525161 8.525161 505464 8.525161 0 505424 8.525161 0 505424 8.525161 0 505464 8.525161 0 505464 8.525161 0.505464 8.525161 0.505464 8.525161 8.525161 505161 8.525161 8.525161 8.525161 For a severely energy limited case, such as 7 particles and 9 energy units, the populations are limited to only the lower levels. 1 Boltzmann's Epitaph, an idea to die for!?! 2 At the beginning of the 20th century, Ludwig Boltzmann was one of the young physicists championing the particle view of matter. 3 Strange as it may seem now, the view was far from universal at that time, indeed it was not the favored theory of matter. The heavyweights of the time, 4 like Ernst Mach and others were strongly opposed to the idea and presented a strong resistance to the ideas at scientific conferences. 5 One unfortunate result of this was Ludwig Boltzmann's suicide at one such conference when he was still in his twenties. 6 His statistical formula for entropy is engraved on his headstone in memmory of his achievement and, perhaps, in mourning of 7 what might have been accomplished had he continued his work. 8 7 9 10 Without presenting a formal derivation, Boltzmann's formula for entropy is 11 S = klnW W = 12 13 Basically, it says that the arrangement with the greatest entropy is the one which is most probable. 14 Recall that the change in entropy for an isolated system is always greater than zero. 15 So, isolated systems tend toward the most probable distribution of energy. 16 number of arrangements of the energy with = N! / [N1! N2! N3!...] W is called the partition function. 17 One application of this is for molecules with discrete energy states as required by quantum mechanics. 18 The fraction of molecules or population in each energy state can be determined using Boltzmann's entropy. 19 40 20 Start with N molecules at temperature T 21 and in some energy state En 31 32 33 34 [Q2] E_therm =1.5 NKT E_tot = N(1.5kT+En) 22 22 23 Via collisions and so on, the energy will not remain distributed this way. 24 35 36 37 38 k=R/N_A 25 We will suppose that the processes which redistribute the energy happen with no change in total energy. 26 This is just saying that there is no energy input or output from the collection of molecules, 27 so that it is an isolated system.. 28 29 30 [Q1] For a total of N particles, there are N! ways of arranging them: N choices for the first (N-1) for the second....1 for the last If the N objects are placed in distinct groups, then each of these groups will have a number of arrangements calculated the same way. N1 objects in the first group can be arranged N1! Ways. These rearrangements do not affect the distribution of objects among the groups, so we divide the total N! arrangements by each of the Ni! Factors to get the number of arrangements with the same distribution. That is the W in Boltzmann's equation. So, picture an isolated collection of N molecules at temperature T and in the energy state En. No energy is exchanged with the surroundings. As some of them get bumped up into other energy states Ei, what happens to the thermal energy of the molecule? We will use the thermodynamic definition of entropy: AS=dQ/T for reversible dQ (as it is here). We will count any change in thermal energy as heat. When a molecule changes energy state from En to Ei, the energy tied up in that form changes by Ei-En. Keeping in mind the statement on line 32, show that the heat associated with the transition is given by Q = -AE. Using that result, show how the following relations come from Boltzmann's entropy equation (the first relation): S=kIn(W) e^S/k = W S=Q/T e^-AE/kt = W This exponential is the ratio of populations for two energy levels AE apart when at thermal equilibrium. Exercise: Q3: Now suppose you have 7 particles but only 11 units of energy. Find all possible distributions (and the one with the highest value of W and therefore the maximum entropy). You may not need all the rows provided. EN 7 7 7 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 particles 11 energy 1 3 5 4 N =E 2 4 0 2 3 0 2 1 4 0 0 0 E 11 11 11 0 5 0 2 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NI = How does your most probable result compare to the exponential Boltzmann distribution? 5040 П[(N_)!] 144 240 48 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 i 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 W 35 21 21 105 105 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 FATA 5040 FATA 5040 FATA 5040 MOTO 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 In(W) 3.555348 3.044522 4.65396 8.525161 8.525161 505464 8.525161 0 505424 8.525161 0 505424 8.525161 0 505464 8.525161 0 505464 8.525161 0.505464 8.525161 0.505464 8.525161 8.525161 505161 8.525161 8.525161 8.525161 For a severely energy limited case, such as 7 particles and 9 energy units, the populations are limited to only the lower levels.
Expert Answer:
Answer rating: 100% (QA)
Answer question3 The most probable distribution for 7 particles and 9 energy units is 3 particles in ... View the full answer
Related Book For
Project Management A Managerial Approach
ISBN: 978-0470226216
7th Edition
Authors: Jack R. Meredith, Samuel J. Mantel,
Posted Date:
Students also viewed these physics questions
-
At the beginning of 2009, the Healthy Life Food Company purchased equipment for $42 million to be used in the manufacture of a new line of gourmet frozen foods. The equipment was estimated to have a...
-
A stock that sold for $22 at the beginning of the year was selling for $24 at the end of the year. If the stock paid a dividend of $.50 per share, what is the simple interest rate on an investment in...
-
On January 11, at the beginning of your annual audit of the Grover Manufacturing Companys financial statements for the year just ended December 31, the company president confides to you that an...
-
In view of the information provided below provide suggestions for the efficient management of trade debtors. INFORMATION MANAGEMENT OF TRADE DEBTORS Debtor management is central to the effective cash...
-
Data about existing home sales in area 232 of Palo Alto, California, in 2007 are shown in Table 20. A list price is the price an owner originally requested before negotiations began. Let L be the...
-
Use Apparels financial statements in Exercise 12-65 to respond to the following requirements. Required: 1. Compute the five debt-management ratios for 2008 and 2009. 2. Indicate whether the ratios...
-
Brian Rafferty ingested finasteride, a drug prescribed to him to treat an enlarged prostate. Finasteride is a generic version of Proscar, a drug manufactured by Merck. Some time after he started to...
-
Drew Company reports the following costs and expenses in May. InstructionsFrom the information, determine the total amount of:(a) Manufacturing overhead.(b) Product costs.(c) Period costs. Factory...
-
Let C be the closed convex set shown below u x2 21 Note that C is the intersection of three halfspaces and can be precisely described by the inequalities C = {x R x-1, x20, x1 + x2 0}. (a) Describe...
-
Balance sheets for P Company and S Company on August 1, 2019, are as follows: Required: Prepare a workpaper for a consolidated balance sheet for P Company and its subsidiary on August 1, 2019, taking...
-
A particular safety system of a spacecraft has to function properly, in order for the space vehicle to re-enter the Earths atmosphere. A vital component of this system operates successfully only 90%...
-
How effective are the oversight mechanisms in ensuring that U.S. tax dollars allocated for assistance to Ukraine are used appropriately and not subjected to fraud or other criminal activities?
-
A large asteroid of mass 82500 kg is at rest far away from any planets or stars. A much smaller asteroid, of mass 740 kg, is in a circular orbit about the large asteroid at a distance of 146 m as a...
-
A project has annual cash flows of $3,500 for the next 10 years and then $11,000 each year for the following 10 years. The IRR of this 20-year project is 10%. If the firm's WACC is 9%, what is the...
-
Students in a high school class of 135 students were asked which social media platform (a platform is a Web or application) they preferred. A sample of 200 adults ages 25-34 was asked the same...
-
Burger World Inc considers an expansion project. It currently has 10 million outstanding shares trading at $30 per share. Equity has an estimated beta of 1.5. The risk-free rate is 2.5%, while the...
-
Part 1: Make a bag that can hold anything This first part checks that you know how to use generics, write JavaDocs, and use the basic command line tools you'll use throughout the semester. You need...
-
Using (1) or (2), find L(f) if f(t) if equals: t cos 4t
-
Given the following information regarding a project concerning an initial public offering (IPO), (a) Draw the network. (b) What is the critical path? (c) When will the offering be available...
-
Ringolds Pool and Patio Supply John Ringold, Jr., just graduated from a local university with a degree in industrial management and joined his fathers company as executive vice-president of...
-
Why are large fluctuations in the demands for particular resources undesirable? What are the costs of resource leveling? How would a PM determine the best amount of leveling?
-
When translating Acceletrons fi nancial statements into US dollars, Redline is least likely to use an exchange rate of USD per SGD: A . 0.671. B . 0.588. C . 0.654.
-
Yus determination regarding Transaction 2 should be based on the currency of the: A . loan. B . bank. C . borrower.
-
In response to the boards fourth question, the balance sheet exposure (in C$ millions) would be closest to: A . 19. B . 148. C . 400.
Study smarter with the SolutionInn App