DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS

Which of the following arguments is an example of the invalid pattern Denying the Antecedent?

If a then b, Not a, Therefore Not b

1. If Greece defaults on its loans, that will make it harder for the government to borrow money. And if that happens, it will not be able to afford to run public services. So, if Greece defaults on its loans, public services will have to be shut down.

2. If speed cameras actually prevented traffic accidents, they would be justified. But they dont seem to prevent traffic accidents, so they are not justified.

3. The brake lights on my car have stopped working. The problem is either with the fuses or the light globes. Ive inspected the fuses and they are fine, so the globes must be faulty.

4. If carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is causing global warming, then we should expect to see temperatures increasing steadily over the last 100 years. But although temperatures have risen, the rise has not been steady, so it cannot be carbon dioxide that is causing global warming.

HI THIS IS MY LAST QUESTION PLEASE HELP ME

INFORMATION

Denying the antecedent, sometimes also called inverse error or fallacy of the inverse, is a formal fallacy of inferring the inverse from the original statement. It is committed by reasoning in the form:^[1]

If P, then Q.

Therefore, if not P, then not Q.

Invalid argument patterns O Some argument patterns are invalid. If we show that an argument has one of these patterns, we have shown that it is invalid. Two (unfortunately common) invalid patterns are these: Affirming the Consequent_ Example If a then b If there's a nightclub on Mount Everest, then Mount Everest has a life-supporting environment b Mount Everest has a life-supporting environment Therefore, a Therefore, there's a nightclub on Mount Everest Denying the Antecedent Example If a then b If there are piranhas in Alligator Swamp, then it is not safe to swim there Not a There are no piranhas in Alligator Swamp Therefore, not b Therefore, it is safe to swim there Invalid arguments fail because they ignore some important (relevant) possibility. What possibility is ignored by the piranhas argument? Invalid argument patterns O Some argument patterns are invalid. If we show that an argument has one of these patterns, we have shown that it is invalid. Two (unfortunately common) invalid patterns are these: Affirming the Consequent_ Example If a then b If there's a nightclub on Mount Everest, then Mount Everest has a life-supporting environment b Mount Everest has a life-supporting environment Therefore, a Therefore, there's a nightclub on Mount Everest Denying the Antecedent Example If a then b If there are piranhas in Alligator Swamp, then it is not safe to swim there Not a There are no piranhas in Alligator Swamp Therefore, not b Therefore, it is safe to swim there Invalid arguments fail because they ignore some important (relevant) possibility. What possibility is ignored by the piranhas argument