Determine whether each example is based on cost$-$plus pricing, markup pricing, demand$-$based pricing, or competition$-$based pricing:

$1.$ Joe$$s Sandwich company determines the cost of making each sandwich and then adds a certain dollar amount to set the final price.$$

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$2.$ To undercut its rivals, a new furniture company prices its products below competing brands.

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$3.$ Airlines often price their tickets higher on the weekend because more people are purchasing tickets.$$

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$4.$ Costco and Sam$$s Club add $14$ percent of the cost to the cost of the product to set the price.$$