Determine whether the following arguments are deductive or inductive. For each argument, state which test(s) you used in reaching your decision (i.e., the indicator word test, the strict necessity test, the common pattern test, and/or the principle of charity test). If the common pattern test is used, indicate which specifi c pattern the argument exemplifi es (e.g., causal argument, argument from authority, and so on). 1. Because x 3 and y 5, then x y 8. 2. According to the New York Public Library Desk Reference, the pop-up toaster was invented by Charles Strite in 1927. The New York Public Library Desk Reference is a highly reliable reference work. Therefore, its reasonable to believe that Charles Strite did invent the pop-up toaster in 1927.:

1. Because x 3 and y 5, then x y 8.

2. According to the New York Public Library Desk Reference, the pop-up toaster was invented by Charles Strite in 1927. The New York Public Library Desk Reference is a highly reliable reference work. Therefore, its reasonable to believe that Charles Strite did invent the pop-up toaster in 1927.

3. Seventy-three percent of Ft. Gibson residents enjoy fi shing. Lonnie is a Ft. Gibson resident. So, its likely that Lonnie enjoys fi shing.

4. Either Elmo will win the election or Schlomo will win the election. But Elmo wont win the election. Therefore, Schlomo will win the election.

5. The burglar is tall and thin. Duncan is short and fat. Obviously, therefore, Duncan isnt the burglar.

6. There are no visible signs of forced entry. It seems certain, therefore, that the burglar had a key.

7. The sign says it is seven miles to Lake Lily. Therefore, it is approximately seven miles to Lake Lily.

8. Joan is an extrovert. It follows that she is outgoing.

9. All inductive generalizations are inductive. Some inductive generalizations are unreliable. Therefore, some inductive arguments are unreliable.

10. If it rains, the game will be postponed until next Saturday. According to the National Weather Service, theres a 90 percent chance of rain. Therefore, probably the game will be postponed until next Saturday.

11. If the batter bunts in this situation, hell move the runner over to second base. But the batter wont bunt in this situation. Therefore, the runner will never be moved over to second base. 12. Hughie is the father of Louie. It follows that Hughie is the grandfather of Dewey because Louie is the father of Dewey.

13. Mandatory school uniforms are a good idea because they keep students minds focused on their schoolwork rather than on what the kid sitting next to them is wearing.

14. Klaus ingested a large dose of rat poison just before he died. Therefore, the rat poison must have caused Klauss death.

15. All previously observed polar bears have weighed less than 1,500 pounds. Therefore, all polar bears probably weigh less than 1,500 pounds.

16. Kevin says he can lift 1,000 pounds over his head. A full-grown cow weighs less than 1,000 pounds. So, Kevin can lift a full-grown cow over his head.

17. If my car is out of gas, it wont start. My car wont start. Therefore, it is out of gas.

18. Yale is an Ivy League school, and it has a good library. Harvard is an Ivy League school, and it has a good library. Therefore, because Brown is an Ivy League school, it must have a good library, too.

19. I wouldnt swim in that water if I were you. It might be polluted.

20. This tree is deciduous. It must be the case, therefore, that it periodically sheds its leaves.

21. Whatever my church teaches as infallible doctrine is true. My church teaches as infallible doctrine that God is eternal. Therefore, God is eternal.

22. Every argument is either deductive or inductive. Because this argument isnt deductive, it must be inductive.

23. Five alleged eyewitnesses have testifi ed that they saw Frank Lane stab Melissa Jenkins. So, Frank Lane did stab Melissa Jenkins.

24. Tiger Woods is one of the best golfers in the world. Melvin Rumsley has never played golf in his life. It is certain, therefore, that Melvin Rumsley could never beat Tiger Woods in a round of golf.