dont copy paste the previous answer on chegg because it isnt fully correct, i want a new answer, i have this answer but i want you to paraphrase it for me

answer:

Ans:

A type certificate indicates that the aircraft has been designed and manufactured conforming to the standards as laid down in the Certification Specification as per commission regulation no: 748/2012 of the European Union or FAR Part 21 in the case of US and that the aircraft can carry out a safe flight.

Large Aircrafts conform to CS25 or FAR Part 25

Engines conform to CS-E or FAR Part 33

The design is carried out by an approved Part-21 Subpart J organisation (DOA (Design Organisation Approval) ) along with the limitations as laid down in the certificate.

Different kinds of type certificates:

Type Certificate: Provided to the DOA that manufactures the Aircraft. This certificate is provided after the aircraft is certified as per the approved design as laid out in CS-25.

Supplemental Type Certificate: Provided to the DOA that is allowed to make modifications on the Aircraft while maintaining its airworthiness as mentioned in the type certificate.

Example: Installation on On-Board Wi-fi that requires the antenna to be secured on the fuselage. This requires a DOA organisation to acquire an STC for each aircraft that undergoes this modification.

Restricted Type Certificate: This is provided to an operator for modification of an Aircraft for special purposes (Shall not carry Commercial Passenger or General Cargo).

Example: Firefighting aircraft. This aircraft can only carry the payload(extinguishing material) to put out fire.

Relation Between CofA and Type Certificate:

A CofA is obtained by the relevant Aviation Authority, provided that the aircraft is in conformity to the type certificate.

Opinion on Type Certificates:

Type certificates generally indicate good quality of products and excellent workmanship associated with it. This is usually only on paper where sometimes (due to time constrains) the manufacturer meet the borderline regulation where it manages to certify the product. We have seen the following issues related to products certified with type certificates, these are as follows:

Design Failure: There are many instances when the manufacturers (usually due to time pressures) just manage to meet the vaguely stated bare minimum requirements as stated by regulator of the country. This creates inferior products without a fail-safe outcome incorporated that often fails at intervals when it serves a life and death purpose.

Example: American airlines Flight 96 and Turkish Air Flight 981.

This was the case of pure design failure. The entire aircraft had a type certificate and was certified. But the manufacturer knew that there could be an explosive decompression of the Cargo Door, if not latched and stowed correctly.

There was an incident in the case of American airlines Flight 96 after which only a minor modification was made, which never served the purpose.

Only after the Turkish Air Flight 981 accident and after losing lives, an Airworthiness Directive was issued to address the severity of the situation.

Testing Failures: There are many instances when the manufacturers (usually due to time pressures) just manage to meet regular testing standards and not continue to stress test the products until they fail, to know the maximum capability of product. This also leads to products which are carry approvals to be installed on the aircraft, but are doomed to fail and eventually cause incidents/accidents.

Example: Exploding batteries of Dreamline 787. This was clearly a testing failure. The batteries although met the requirement and was approved by FAA was not adequately tested where in reality it is supposed to be stress tested until failure and then certified. This never happened eventually led to grounding of the entire fleet.

Quality Control Failure: The manufacturer generally develops products that are designed effectively. Manufacturing is either carried out in-house or outsourced. In both conditions, when the goods are on the finished line, each batch must include sampling of the products, to assure that the developed product is in accordance with the provided design and materials.

Example: Qantas Flight 32. In this case, it was the Quality Control that failed. Rolls-Royce had designed a stub-pipe carrying oil. The final production material however was not as per the design requirements. This was only found out after Qantas Flight 32, where in reality, if the Quality Control had sampled each batch of the stub pipe, post production; this incident would have completely been prevented.

1. Which is the certificate that indicates that the aircraft is designed according to the specifications? What are the different kinds of types and for which case applies each type certificate? What is the relationship between these certificates and airworthiness? Using examples present your opinion about these certificates and their relation to safety /10, LO1)