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1. What information is provided by the descriptive analytics employed at Magpie Sensing?

2. What type of support is provided by the predictive analytics employed at Magpie Sensing?

3. How does prescriptive analytics help in business decision making?

4. In what ways can actionable information be reported in real-time to concerned users of the system?

5. In what other situations might real-time monitoring applications be needed?

6. What we can learn from this case?

1.1 OPENING VIGNETTE: Magpie Sensing Employs Analytics to Manage a Vaccine Supply Chain Effectively and Safely Cold chain in healthcare is defined as the temperature-controlled supply chain involv- ing a system of transporting and storing vaccines and pharmaceutical drugs. It consists of three major components-transport and storage equipment, trained perso and efficient management procedures. The majority of the vaccines in the cold chain are typically maintained at a temperature of 35-46 degrees Fahrenheit (2-8 degrees Centigrade). Maintaining cold chain integrity is extremely important for healthcare product manufacturers. Especially for vaccines, improper storage and handling practices that compromise vaccine viability prove to be a costly, time-consuming affair. Vaccines must be stored properly from manufacture until they are available for use. Any extreme temperatures of heat or cold will reduce the vaccine potency; such vaccines, if administered, might not yield effective results or could cause adverse effects. Effectively maintaining the temperatures of the storage units throughout the healthcare supply chain in real time (ie., beginning from the gathering of the resources, manufactur- ing, distribution, and dispensing of the products) is the most effective solution desired in the cold chain. The location-tagged real-time environmental data about the storage units help in monitoring the cold chain for the spoiled products. The chain of custody can be easily identified to assign product liability. A study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) looked at the handling of cold chain vaccines by 45 healthcare providers around United States. The CDC reported that three-quarters of the providers experienced serious cold chain violations. A WAY TOWARD A POSSIBLE SOLUTION Magpie Sensing, a start-up project under Ebers Smith and Douglas Associated LLC., provides a suite of cold chain monitoring and analysis technologies for the healthcare industry. It is a shippable, wireless temperature and humidity monitor that provides real- time, location-aware tracking of the cold chain products during the shipment. Magpie Sensing's solutions rely on rich analytics algorithms that leverage the data gathered from the monitoring devices to improve the efficiency of cold chain processes and predict cold storage problems before they occur. Magpie Sensing applies all three types of analytical techniques-descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive analytics--to turn the raw data returned from the monitoring devices into actionable recommendations and warnings. The properties of the cold storage system, which include the set point of the storage system's thermostat, the typical range of temperature values in the storage system, and the duty cycle of the system's compressor, are monitored and reported in real time. This information helps trained personnel ensure that the storage unit is properly configured to store a particular product. All temperature information is displayed on a dashboard that shows a graph of the temperature inside a specific storage unit. Based on the information derived from the monitoring devices, Magpie's predic. tive analytic algorithms can determine the set point of the storage unit's thermostat and alert the system's users if the system is incorrectly configured, depending on the various types of products stored. Magpie's system also sends alerts about possible temperature violations based on the storage unit's average temperature and subsequent compressor cycle runs, which may drop the temperature below the freezing point. Magple's predic- tive analytics further report possible human errors, such as failing to shut the storage unit doors or having an incomplete seal, by analyzing the temperature trend and alerting the users via Web interface, text message, or audible alert before the temperature bounds are actually violated. A compressor or a power failure also can be detected. The estimated time before the storage unit reaches an unsafe temperature also can be determined, which allows users to look for backup solutions, such as using dry ice to restore power or working on other actions to prevent product spoilage In addition to predictive analytics, Magpie Sensing's analytics systems can provide prescriptive recommendations for improving the cold storage processes and business decision making. Prescriptive analytics help users dial in the optimal tem- perature setting, which helps to achieve the correct balance between freezing and spoilage risk; this, in turn, provides a cushion-time to react to the situation before the products spoil. Its prescriptive analytics also gather useful meta-information on cold storage units, including the times of day that are busiest or periods where the system's doors are opened. This can be used to help formulate additional design training plans and institutional policies to ensure that the system is properly maintained and not overused. Furthermore, prescriptive analytics can be used to guide equipment purchase deci sions by constantly analyzing the performance of current storage units. Based on the storage system's efficiency, decisions on distributing the products across available storage units can be made based on the product's sensitivity. Using Magpie Sensing's cold chain analytics, additional manufacturing time and expenditure can be eliminated by ensuring product safety throughout the supply chain, and effective products can be administered to the patients. Compliance with state and federal safety regulations can be better achieved through automatic data gathering and reporting about the products involved in the cold chain