1. Dr. Berry designed a study to examine whether mindfulness training increased interracial helping behavior. People are generally more helpful to those in their own racial group and offer less help to those outside of their racial category. Seventy-five participants were randomized to a 4-day mindfulness training or a 4-day sham meditation training (in which participants believed they were meditating. After the training participants reported to the lab individually. They were met in a waiting room by an experimenter who told them that "the lab was running a little behind schedule, and [the experimenter] needed to make sure the study was ready." They were invited to sit down in one available seat next to two confederates (people involved in the study) who were also seated. After a moment, a confederate came into the waiting room on crutches, and because there were no seats available, leaned up against the wall and signed in discomfort. The measure of interest was whether the participant offered their seat to the person on crutches or not.

(1) Name the test that should be done (3 points)

(2) What are your hypotheses? (3 points)

(3) Find the Chi-Square critical value (4 points)

Chi-Squarecv = ____________

Reject Ho if Chi-Squareobserved _______________

(4) The researcher got the following output from SPSS. Can you figure out Cramer's V by hand (5 points). Show all work

Training * Help Crosstabulation Help Total No Help Help Training Sham Count 18 21 39 Mindfulness Expected 13.2 25.8 39.0 Count Adjusted 2.3 -2.3 Residual Mindfulness Count 8 30 38 Expected 12.8 25.2 38.0 Count Adjusted -2.3 2.3 Residual Total Count 26 51 77 Expected 26.0 51.0 77.0 Count Chi-Square Tests Asymptotic Significance Exact Sig. Exact Sig. Point Value df (2-sided) (2-sided) (1-sided) Probability Pearson Chi-Square 5.422 020 .030 018 Continuity Correction" 4.358 .037 Likelihood Ratio 5.531 .019 030 018 Fisher's Exact Test .030 018 Linear-by-Linear 5.352 1 021 .030 .018 .013 Association N of Valid Cases 77 a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 12.83. b. Computed only for a 2x2 table c. The standardized statistic is 2.313