Dr$.$ Townsend operates on Katrina's elbow. In the operating room along with Dr$.$ Townsend are two nurses, an anesthesiologist, and two interns. All are responsible from start to finish of Katrina's elbow surgery. Three weeks after surgery, Katrina is still having pain and goes back to Dr$.$ Townsend. X$-$rays show that a small sponge was left inside of her elbow and not removed before she was sewn up$.$ Since Katrina is not sure who is responsible for leaving the sponge in her elbow she would sue under what theory of negligence?

Katrina could not sue because it cannot be determined who left the sponge in her elbow.

Absent proof theory

Scope of authority negligence

Negligence per se

Res Ipsa Loquitur