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IntroductionIron $($hydr$)$oxides and organic carbon $($OC$)$ are closely linked in soils and sediments.Iron $($hydr$)$oxide$-$organic composites can have different reactivity compared to pure iron $($hydr$)$oxides$.$Understanding the sorption of nutrients and heavy metals with iron $($hydr$)$oxide$-$organic composites is important for biogeochemical cycling$\mathrm{.}2.$ Experimental MethodsOrgano$-$mineral composites were synthesized using humic acid $($HA$)$ and iron oxide.Two types of composites: coprecipitated and adsorbed.Composites with different carbon $($C$)$ loadings were studied$\mathrm{.}3.$ Characterization of CompositesCoprecipitated composites have higher C content and smaller surface area compared to adsorbed composites.NanoSIMS analysis shows spatial correlation between Fe and C in both types of composites.C $1$s NEXAFS reveals similar C composition in coprecipitated and adsorbed composites$\mathrm{.}4.$ Cd SorptionCd sorption is independent of composite type but depends on C loading.Composites with low C loading show Cd sorption similar to pure ferrihydrite $($Fh$).$Composites with high C loading show enhanced Cd sorption compared to pure Fh$,$ especially at pH $<6\mathrm{.}5\mathrm{.}5.$ Cd Binding MechanismsBidentate edge$-$sharing binding identified for Cd on pure Fh$.$Cd$-$carboxyl binding identified on pure HA$.$Cd binding mechanisms have implications for Cd sequestration and biogeochemical cycling in the environment$\mathrm{.}6.$ ConclusionOrgano$-$mineral composites affect the sorption of Cd in natural and contaminated environments.Cd sorption is influenced by C loading but independent of composite type.Understanding Cd sorption mechanisms is crucial for managing Cd mobility and fate in the environment.