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Identify the study design used from the following examples:

1. The study was conducted to determine what is affecting the workers returned to work (RTW). The researcher followed a group of injured workers who were off work (and filed musculoskeletal-related claims) and observe when these workers returned to work. At six and 12 months post-injury, the workers were interviewed about their readiness to RTW. They were asked if they have returned to work and if son, they were able to meet their job demands. They also were asked about their organizations policies and practices and if accommodated work had been offered and accepted.

2. The study was conducted to examine the prevalence of breast cancer in women. The researchers looked at a wide range of ages, ethnicities, and social economic status including household income, educational level, geographical location, and health insurance enrollment status. A significant number of women in rural areas with lower educational level were found to have the disease more than other groups of women.

3. The study was conducted to examine if the smoking is a risk factor for developing pancreatic cancer among Korean-American women. The researchers recruited study participants with and without pancreatic cancer admitted in one local hospital. Study participants were asked if they have smoked prior to diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. If yes, they were further asked the amount, frequency, and duration of smoking in the past. The researchers identified that those with pancreatic cancer were exposed cigarette smoking more than those without pancreatic cancer.

4. The study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of a web-based, personalized normative feedback alcohol intervention for young-adult veterans. The veterans were recruited from Facebook and randomized to either a control condition or a personalized normative feedback (PNF) intervention seeking to correct drinking perceptions of gender-specific veteran peers. At immediate postintervention, PNF participants reported greater reductions in their perceptions of peer drinking and intentions to drink over the next month, compared with control participants.

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