Elmo Research & Development has been going through a rough patch lately. Turnover has been high and employee morale is at an all$-$time low. Though employees and competitors hold management responsible for the decline, the CEO does not let the managers go or change the management style. Which of the following could explain this attitude?

a$.$ The CEO holds the omnipotent view of management, which asserts that external factors have a significant effect on performance outcomes.

b$.$ The CEO holds the view that managers have only a limited role in organization success or failure.

c$.$ Because the organization has a "take$-$charge" management style, the employees are responsible for organizational policies.

d$.$ The CEO is unresponsive to the criticisms from stakeholders.