Examine the principles and methodologies employed in the planning and execution of large$-$scale transportation infrastructure projects within civil engineering. Analyze the various phases of such projects, from initial feasibility studies and environmental impact assessments to detailed design, procurement, and construction management. Discuss the integration of multidisciplinary teams and the coordination required to address technical, economic, and regulatory challenges. Evaluate the role of innovative technologies, such as Building Information Modeling $($BIM$)$ and automated construction equipment, in enhancing project efficiency and effectiveness. Consider the implications of these advancements on the future of transportation infrastructure development and maintenance.