Example: Air Conditioning System $($HVAC$)$

An a$$r $$ond$$t$$on$$ng system $$n a home or off$$e ma$$nta$$ns the temperature w$$th$$n a set range by $$ool$$ng the a$$r$.$

It typ$$ally $$ons$$sts of the follow$$ng $$omponents:

Thermostat: Mon$$tors the $$urrent temperature.

Compressor: Cools the refr$$gerant$.$

Evaporator Co$$l: Removes heat from the a$$r$.$

Condenser Co$$l: Releases heat outs$$de$.$

Blower Fan: C$$r$$ulates the $$ooled a$$r$.$

Control System:

The a$$r $$ond$$t$$on$$ng system uses a $$losed$-$loop $$ontrol system w$$th a feedba$$k me$$han$$sm$.$ Here's how $$t operates:

Set Po$$nt: The des$$red temperature $$s set on the thermostat.

Measurement: The thermostat $$ont$$nuously measures the $$urrent temperature.

Feedba$$k Loop:

If the temperature r$$ses above the set po$$nt$,$ the thermostat s$$gnals the system to $$ool the room by a$$t$$vat$$ng the $$ompressor and other $$ool$$ng $$omponents$.$

If the temperature drops below the set po$$nt$,$ the$$system$$turns off or adjusts the $$ool$$ng$.$

Output: The $$ompressor and$$fans$$are $$ontrolled to $$ool the a$$r unt$$l the des$$red temperature $$s rea$$hed$.$

Type of Control:

Closed$-$loop $$ontrol: The thermostat a$$ts as a feedba$$k dev$$e that mon$$tors the temperature and adjusts the system's operat$$on $$n real t$$me based on the d$$fferen$$e between the set po$$nt and the a$$tual temperature.

Proport$$onal $$ontrol: The system adjusts the output $($ool$$ng power$)$ proport$$onally to how far the $$urrent temperature $$s from the set po$$nt$.$

Feed$-$forward $$ontrol$($opt$$onal$)$: In some advan$$ed HVAC systems, feed$-$forward $$ontrol $$an be used to ant$$pate temperature $$hanges by $$ons$$der$$ng external fa$$tors l$$ke outdoor temperature or hum$$d$$ty$,$ adjust$$ng the system proa$$t$$vely$.$

Feedba$$k and Feedforward:

Feedba$$k: The thermostat prov$$des feedba$$k on the room temperature to the $$ontrol system, wh$$h adjusts the $$ool$$ng based on the temperature dev$$at$$on$.$

Feedforward: In some systems, the a$$r $$ond$$t$$on$$ng m$$ght use sensors that dete$$t external $$ond$$t$$ons $($e$.$g$.,$ outdoor temperature$)$ to adjust the $$ool$$ng before $$nternal temperature $$hanges are dete$$ted$,$ ant$$pat$$ng demand.

##please draw the block diagram for the a bove system.