Exercises What is the difference between performance and organizational citizenship behaviors? How would you increase someone's performance? How would you increase citizenship behaviors? Are citizenship behaviors always beneficial to the company? If not, why not? Can you think of any citizenship behaviors that employees may perform with the intention of helping a company but that may have negative consequences overall?

Exercises 1. Your manager tells you that the best way of ensuring fairness in reward distribution is to keep the pay a secret. How would you respond to this assertion? 2.. When distributing bonuses or pay, how would you ensure perceptions of fairness? 3. What are the differences between procedural, interactional, and distributive justice? List ways in which you could increase each of these justice perceptions. 4. Using examples, explain the concepts of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. 5. Some practitioners and researchers consider OB Mod unethical because it may be viewed as a way of manipulation. What would be your reaction to such a criticism? 3. Given the factors correlated with job performance. how would you identify future high perform- ers? 4. What are the major causes of absenteeism at work? How can companies minimize the level of absenteeism that takes place? In some companies, managers are rewarded for minimizing the turnover within their department or branch. A part of their bonus is tied directly to keeping the level of turnover below a minimum. What do you think about the potential effectiveness of these programs? Do you see any down- sides to such programs?

Ay, instrumentality, and valence. Some practitioners and researchers consider OB Mod unethical because it may be viewed as a way of manipulation. What would be your reaction to such a criticism? 5. Exercises 1. Many managers assume that if an employee is not performing well, the reason must be a lack of motivation. Do you think this reasoning is accurate? What is the problem with the assumption? Review Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Do you agree with the particular ranking of employee needs? 2. 3. How can an organisation satisfy employee needs that are included in Maslow's hierarchy? 4. Which motivation theory have you found to be most useful in explaining why people behave in a certain way? Why?