Expectancy theory says that individuals can be motivated towards goals if they believe that there is a relationship between effort and performance, the outcome of a favorable performance will result in a desirable reward, a reward from a performance will satisfy an important need, and/or the outcome satisfies their need enough to make the effort worthwhile. How can managers or leader increase expectancy/valence/instrumentality? 

Answer rating: 100% (QA)

To increase expectancy valence and instrumentality managers or leaders can take the following steps ... View the full answer