• Explain: Ethics is integral to Engineering
• Explain: Problem solving is making a problem precise
• Explain: Expertise is if-then knowledge
• Explain: Problem solving and understanding use the same expertise
• Explain: Problem solutions are subject to technical and non-technical constraints
• Explain: Choices about non-technical constraints are choices about people
• Explain: Normative claims add information to descriptive claims
• Explain: Expertise is like a part off the shelf

2 Format of the short-answer answers Your answers to the short answer questions are REQUIRED to be THREE sentences long. One of the three sentences is essentially given to you in the question sentence. This leaves you two sentences to demonstrate understanding which meets the goals of the question. A short answer question will usually ask you to explain the connection between two concepts or ideas. The most straightforward approach is to use one sentence each to explain each concept. The third sentence will then state the connection. But your two sentences must make that connection obvious. Ask yourself if someone else would understand the connection, given that all they had were your three sentences? In preparing your answers then, first, make sure you know the precise meanings of the terms. Then, focus on the connection between those terms about which the question asks. This is what your answer is supposed to show you understand. Example: E.g.: Ethics is integral to Engineering. Why is it integral? What was the point made in lecture? Here is an example answer but this is only an example, which you cannot use. Engineering requires value judgements and value judgements require ethics. Anything which is required for a thing is integral to the thing requiring it. Therefore, because engineering requires ethics, ethics is integral to engi- neering. This is a good answer, but it's not great. It leaves a couple of questions open and unex- plained (e.g. how does engineering require value judgments? how do value judgments require ethics?) This answer is also slightl inaccurate. 'Integral' means more than merely required. (Ethics is an inherent part of engineering; you cannot do engineering without doing ethics. It is an unavoidable part of the activity.) Your grade on the short answers is 1 point for each accurate sentence, and then up to 2 more points for how clearly you connect them, and how well your sentences go together. If you don't correctly identify the concepts, or cannot connect them, then you will score less than 3 on the question. So it's most important to get that part first. If a short answer question only mentions one concept explicitly, you should still be thinking in terms of a 3 sentence answer. The concept mentioned will connect with at least one of the themes of the course. Your three sentences will show that you know what the concept / term means, you know a theme which it connects with, and you can explain that connection. Example: Question: What is the engineering advantage? Answer: Engineering is the art of problem solving but all problem solving requires value judgments. An engineer who is both good at the technical side of problem solving but also at the normative side will be able to make important contributions to solving grand challenges (because those problems are complex, involve many stakeholders, and therefore require many value judgements. The combination of technical and normative problem solving is called the engineering advantage. [NOTE: this is not a complete answer! It leaves a couple of questions open, and it says things that are not entirely accurate (does ALL problem solving require value judgments? What is it about engineering problems that means they do require value judgments?) It must be improved upon. Not only that, but you CANNOT simply copy and paste this answer as your own. The goal of the exercise is to demonstrate your understanding and your ability. If all you show me is that you can copy and paste then 1. you deserve zero on the assignment and 2. it's actually academic dishonesty, turning in as your own work something you've copied from someone else.] 3 Rubric This was mentioned above already, but just to be explicit: 1 points for each accurate sentence. (Including the sentence which merely re- peats the thing you've been asked to explain, if that's how your answer goes.) up to 2 more points for how well your sentences "go together". I.e. how good your argument / explanation is. An explanation is an argument. It should per- suade the person of the truth of the thing you are explaining. (e.g Ah, I get it! Ethics IS integral to engineering.) There is also a grading rubric on Blackboard. If you're not sure of how persuasive or complete your answer is trying keeping your two sentences the same, but "flip" the conclusion. Instead of concluding, for instance, that ethics is integral to engineering, change your conclusion to: ethics is NOT integral to engineering. Then read your answer again. If what you have is not an obvious or blatant contradicition, or you would have to say more to explain why those reasons "don't go with that conclusion, then you have more work to do. Those further reasons should go in the answer. And also, first and foremost, make sure that each sentence you give is actually accurate. So question them as well