Explain OSI Model with protocols on each layer in detail.

o Explain switching logic in detail with the help of a diagram.

o What is IPv$4$ Subnetting? Define and explain the different ways to do subnetting.

o How many subnets and hosts are in the $172\mathrm{.}18\mathrm{.}10\mathrm{.}0/27$ network?

o What is the Network and broadcast address for $15\mathrm{.}16\mathrm{.}1\mathrm{.}25/29?$

o Calculate the number of subnets for each given Network Address and broadcast address and valid host addresses for each subnet:

$101\mathrm{.}11\mathrm{.}1\mathrm{.}0/25$

$19\mathrm{.}10\mathrm{.}1\mathrm{.}0/28$

$136\mathrm{.}10\mathrm{.}10\mathrm{.}0/26$

$173\mathrm{.}147\mathrm{.}16\mathrm{.}0/30$