Four additional categories of challenges were identified: weak data systems, human resource constraints, non-use of education data, and issues in education data reporting (Baghdady & Zaki, 2019). In some schools, the lack of proper structure in the country and inadequate knowledge and training of the staff were identified as the shortcomings of the EMIS (Saxena, 2014). Unfortunately, many countries have invested resources in building educational management information systems, but these systems are often not institutionalized, lack a guiding vision, and are not incorporated into strategic planning processes (Cuartero & Role, 2018). Lack of data awareness, internet access, and limited communication and training prevent most stakeholders outside of the central level from accessing and using EMIS (World Bank Group, 2017)