From reading this text, what can be said about Tim Cook? What has he done as a leader, what kind of leadership have they adopted referring to the text above?

leadership the ability to influence employees to work toward organizational goals. TABLE 6.5 Requirements for Successful Leadership Communicate objectives and expectations. Leadership Gain the respect and trust of stakeholders. Develop shared values. . Acquire and share knowledge. Leadership is the ability to influence employees to work toward organizational goals. Strong leaders manage and pay attention to the culture of their organizations and the needs of their employees. Table 6.5 offers some requirements for successful leadership Empower employees to make decisions. Be a role model for appropriate behavior. Provide rewards and take corrective action to achieve goals. Managers often can be classified into three types based on their leadership style. Autocratic leaders make all the decisions and then tell employees what must be done and how to do it. They generally use their authority and economic rewards to get employ- ees to comply with their directions. Martha Stewart is an example of an autocratic leader. She built up her media empire by paying close attention to every detail.24 Democratic leaders involve their employ- ees in decisions. The manager presents a situation and encourages his or her subordinates to express opinions and contribute ideas. The manager then considers the employees' points of view and makes the decision. Herb Kelleher, co-founder of Southwest Airlines, had a democratic leadership style. Under his leadership, employees were encouraged to discuss concerns and provide input.25 Free-rein leaders let their employees work without much interference. The manager sets performance standards and allows employees to find their own ways to meet them. For this style to be effective, employees must know what the standards are, and they must be motivated to attain them. The free-rein style of leadership can be a powerful motivator because it demonstrates a great deal of trust and confidence in the employee. Warren Buffett, CEO of Berkshire Hathaway, exhibits free- rein leadership among the managers who run the company's various businesses. The effectiveness of the autocratic, democratic, and free-rein styles depends on several factors. One consideration is the type of employees. An autocratic style of leadership is generally best for stimulating page 188 unskilled, unmotivated employees; highly skilled, trained, and motivated employees may respond better to democratic or free-rein leadership styles. Employees who have been involved in decision making generally require less supervision than those not similarly involved. Other considerations are the manager's abilities and the situation itself. When a situation requires quick decisions, an autocratic style of leadership may be best because the manager does not have to consider input from a lot of people. If a special task force must be set up to solve a quality-control problem, a nor- mally democratic manager may give free rein to the task force. lis Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey believes in a democratic leadership style. CARoger Askew/REX/Shutterstock Many managers, however, are unable to use more than one style of leadership. Some are incapable of allowing their subordinates to participate in deci- sion making, let alone make any decisions. What leadership style is best depends on specific circum- stances, and effective managers will strive to adapt their leadership style as circumstances warrant. Many organizations offer programs to develop good leadership skills. Now in his late 80s, Warren Buffet, chair of Berkshire Hathaway, has developed dozens of exemplary leaders with proven track records. Leadership continuity is important to all firms.26 When plans fail, very often leaders are held respon- sible for what goes wrong. For example, Wells Fargo CEO John Stumpf resigned before probably being fired for oversight of a bank that opened more than 3.5 million fake accounts for customers. 27 Another type of leadership style that has been gaining in popularity is authentic leadership. Au- thentic leadership is a bit different from the other three leadership styles because it is not exclusive. Both democratic and free-rein leaders could qual- ify as authentic leaders depending upon how they conduct themselves among stakeholders. Authentic leaders are passionate about the goals and mission of the company, display corporate values in the workplace, and form long-term relationships with stakeholders.28 Chobani founder and CEO Hamdi Ulukaya feels a deep responsibility to consumers and employees. He believes in equitable polices for employees and embraces diversity, especially related to immigrants and refugees. He wants to stand for something more than profit.29 Strong leaders also realize the value that employees can provide by participating in the firm's corporate culture. It is important that companies develop leadership training programs for employees. Because managers cannot oversee everything that goes on in the company, empowering employees to take more responsibility for their decisions can aid in organizational growth and productivity. Leaders often change directions when they see opportuni- ties. Founder and CEO Michael Preysman of online clothing retailer Everlane said he would open no brick-and-mortar stores. But, based on demand, he opened a minimalist glass storefront in Manhattan and plans to roll out additional stores around the country.31 Former Wells Fargo CEO John Stumpf, who testified before the Senate Banking Committee after the company opened 3.5 million fake accounts for cus- tomers, resigned and was replaced by Tim Sloan. Michael Reynolds/Epa/REX/Shutterstock While leaders might incorporate different leadership styles depending on the business and the situation, all leaders must be able to align em- ployees behind a common vision to be effective. 30