from substitute products, and considerable bargaining leverage on the part of both suppliers and customers

greatly strengthens the number of driving forces and the power of their impact on industry members.

results in an unattractive strategic group map where all industry members are crowded into the top right corner of the map and forced into competing on the basis of rapid product innovation.

tends to mean that the industry will have fewer than $3$ key success factors.

typically results in a "sellers' market" where industry members can raise prices and earn large profit margins.

makes it hard for industry members to earn attractive profits.