Gary employed Roger as his agent. However, Roger exceeded the scope of authority. In three of the following instances Gary, as the principal, must nevertheless comply with the obligations with Roger, his agent, may be contracted. Which is the exception?

a If Gary ratifies the acts of Roger.

b If Gray allows Roger to act though he had full powers.

c If Roger's limitations were contained in private instructions from Gary.

dIf Gary refuses to accept the benefits of Roger's misrepresentation.

explain