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In cluster random sampling, any selected cluster is just as likely to be chosen as any other cluster. In a left skewed distribution, the log transformation should make the distribution look normal (bell-shaped). The Central Limit Theorem says that the sampling distribution of x-bar is approximately normal under most conditions. The Law of Large Numbers does not apply to subjective probabilities. The midrange is a robust estimate of location for skewed distributions. Parameters are, by denition, inevitably unknown in any scientic experiment. The Hawthorne effect occurs only experiments that have no control group. The frequentist approach to statistical inference requires that employ prior knowledge into the inferential process