How did Tesla $($valued at more than $$650$ billion in $2021)$ create so much value for its customers and shareholders?

$$ a$.$ It reimagined the automobile entirely introducing futuristic design elements, AI$,$ self$-$upgrading software, and a driverless feature.

$$ b$.$ It relied on electric car chargers instead of gasoline positioning itself as an environmentally friendly brand O c$.$ Bypassing traditional dealerships by allowing customers to order online and build direct relationships with the company.

$$ d$.$ All the above.